A component used as a traffic between floors in a building. It consists of successive steps, platforms and envelopes. Stairs must also be set up in high-rise buildings with elevators. The stairs are divided into two categories: ordinary stairs and special stairs. Ordinary stairs include reinforced concrete stairs, steel stairs and wooden stairs. Among them, reinforced concrete stairs have many advantages in structural rigidity, fire resistance, cost, construction and modeling, and are most commonly used. There are three types of special stairs: safety ladders, fire ladders and escalators. Can be divided into two categories of ordinary stairs and special stairs.
Ordinary staircase
It can be divided into reinforced concrete stairs, steel stairs, wooden stairs, etc. according to materials.
Reinforced concrete staircase
It has many advantages in structural rigidity, fire resistance, cost, construction and modeling, and is most commonly used. The construction methods of reinforced concrete stairs are three types of integral cast, prefabricated, partially cast and partially prefabricated. The overall on-site casting has good rigidity and is suitable for buildings with special requirements and high seismic requirements, but the template is expensive and the construction period is long. Prefabricated stair components are available in large, medium and small sizes. The large one is to pre-form the whole step and the platform into one component; the medium-sized one is to pre-form the step and the platform into one component, which is widely used; the small one is to pre-slope the inclined beam, step, platform beam and board Each small component is made and joined together by welding, anchor, bolt, pin, and the like. Another type of small is the prefabricated L-shaped step member, which is built into the side wall by the slope of the stairs and becomes a cantilevered staircase. The construction method of small prefabricated parts assembly is adaptable, easy to transport and install, and low in cost. For some on-site casting and partial prefabrication, the stair beam is usually molded first, then the prefabricated step and platform plates are installed, and then the concrete is poured into the joints of the three reserved steel joints to form a whole. This method saves the formwork and shortens the construction period compared to the overall on-site casting, but still maintains the precise characteristics of the prefabricated parts, and can be adjusted in size and form. Reinforced concrete stair steps require a surface that is easy to walk, wear resistant, non-slip, and easy to clean. The surface layer material is generally plastered with cement mortar, which can be used as terrazzo surface layer or with clinker bricks, marble veneers, even oil-filled carpets, plastic flooring materials and carpets. Steps near the step, you can use cement emery, mosaic, plastic, rubber and other anti-slip strips, or use a grooved ceramic or metal material to step on the mouth, and also play a protective role.
Steel staircase
Used in factories and warehouses, etc. In public buildings, it is often used as a fire evacuation staircase. The load-bearing members of steel stairs can be made of steel, and the joints of each member are generally bolted or welded. The surface of the component is rust-proof with paint. Steps and platform plates should be embossed with embossed or sheet steel. In order to reduce the noise and consider the finish effect, an elastic surface layer or a surface layer such as concrete or stone can be laid on the steel pedal; or a reinforced concrete or stone step can be laid directly on the steel beam, which is called a combined staircase.
Wooden stairs
Due to the inability to prevent fire, the scope of application is limited. There are two types of dark step and clear step. Stepped in the groove of the stair beam (also known as the stair gangway) is a dark step; nailed to the oblique beam triangle is a clear step. The surface of the wooden staircase is protected with paint.
Special staircase
There are three types of safety ladders, fire ladders and escalators.
Safety ladder
Also known as evacuation stairs, for residential, public buildings and multi-storey buildings for emergency evacuation. In addition to low-rise public buildings with high fire resistance and unit residential buildings with less than six floors, other residential buildings such as medical, performance, sports buildings and more than 5 floors of dormitory, hotels, etc., and more than 100-300 per floor according to regulations For multi-storey buildings with a square meter and a production capacity of more than 5 to 25 people at the same time, stairs for emergency evacuation should be considered in addition to the main staircase. For more than 10 floors of united houses or high-rise buildings, in order to prevent the vertical running ability of elevator shafts and stairwells in the event of fire in buildings, smoke-proof stairs are required. The number and width of the safety ladders are determined according to the needs of the evacuated person flow, and the slope is not more than 45°. For safety gates to open to the aisle, fire doors with a fire resistance limit of 1.5 hours or more should be used, and automatic fire extinguishing equipment can be installed above. The door at the exit of the safety ladder should be open to the outside without obstructing traffic and must be connected to an outdoor site or road. If the evacuation stairs are set outdoors, the smoke is fast and the evacuation effect is better. The safety ladders are mostly cast-in-place reinforced concrete stairs or steel stairs.
Fire ladder
It is usually a steel staircase intended for use by firefighters, the location and number of which are determined by the nature of the building, the number of floors and fire protection requirements. There are two types of fire ladders: straight and inclined: the straight type is mostly steel ladder, which is only used in the range of one or two height difference; the inclined type slope is 60°~80°, and the handrail, the fence and the cantilever are required. Rest platform, etc. In order to meet the needs and safety of the high-rise buildings, there are left and right lifts of not less than 600 × 700 mm on the platform. The lowest level of the fire ladder must be 2 to 2.5 meters from the ground to prevent idlers from climbing.
Escalator
It consists of a steel truss spanning the floor, a stepped gear, a pulley, a guide rail, a movable link, etc., and is operated by electric power. The slope of the escalator is about 30°, and the width is for single use and double use. The running speed should be about 0.5 m/s. The layout of the escalator is parallel, cross, hybrid, and the like. Compared with the elevator, the escalator has the characteristics of high passenger transportation rate and continuous flow of people, and is suitable for public places such as department stores, stations, underground railways, etc., as well as floors with relatively concentrated local people in high-rise buildings.
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