Japan's Fire Protection Culture and Its Enlightenment (I) The Construction of Spirit in Japan's Fire Prevention Culture

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Summary

The rigorous and serious work style of the Japanese made it effective in the construction of fire protection culture. Based on the analysis of the Japanese fire prevention culture construction, this article discusses the enlightenment to China's fire prevention culture construction. This article is divided into four parts: the construction of the spiritual aspects of the Japanese fire prevention culture, the construction of the material aspects of the Japanese fire prevention culture, the construction of the Japanese fire prevention culture system, and the enlightenment of the Japanese fire prevention culture to China.

The first chapter mainly introduces the spiritual aspects of the Japanese fire protection culture. Every year, Japan expresses its awe of the fire god through the sacrificial activities of the town of fire offerings. In addition, Japanese society spread fire awareness to everyone through a comprehensive fire prevention and disaster prevention education.

The second chapter mainly introduces the material aspects of the Japanese fire protection culture. Japan has developed more flame-retardant products and is widely used in daily production and life. At the same time, advanced fire-fighting equipment and a developed network information system enable Japan to respond quickly and effectively when a fire breaks out.

The third chapter mainly introduces the system construction in the Japanese fire prevention culture. Japan has a relatively complete legal system that specifically deals with disasters. In addition, from the perspective of fire protection organization and personnel management, there are other social organizations in addition to the professional fire brigade. It is also equipped with a large number of fire professionals.

The fourth chapter focuses on the analysis of Japan's fire prevention culture construction inspiration to China. The first is to cultivate public awareness of fire prevention by strengthening fire prevention knowledge and education. Secondly, corresponding flame-retardant products should be developed and applied to life. Finally, establish a comprehensive legal system to deal with the occurrence of fire. Develop social intermediary forces to assist the fire brigade in handling related affairs.

Keywords : Japanese fire protection law ; fire prevention ; fire fighting products ; fire prevention awareness ; reference

introduction

The background and significance of the first topic

What the fire brings to the society is not only the economic loss, more serious is the price paid for life. In recent years, China has caused catastrophic fire accidents in which dozens or even hundreds of deaths continue to occur, causing huge losses to the life and property of the country and the people. Taking measures to prevent fires has become a pressing need. Contrary to China, the number of fires in Japan in the past decade has obviously decreased. There are many reasons for this contrast. For example, Japan has a complete fire-fighting regulations system ; it has advanced fire science and technology : it has a more mature civil fire protection organization ; it implements local self-government fire control systems. In addition, Japan also attaches great importance to firefighters. Vocational education and public education for disaster prevention science. In Japan, building residences are generally not very high. Fire hydrants are installed at the stairwells of buildings. There are alarms in public spaces on all floors, and fire and gas sensors are installed in the houses . The property companies treat these fire-fighting facilities every year. After an inspection, the fire department will organize residents to conduct a fire drill and knowledge education every few years. The Japanese themselves also have a strong sense of fire prevention. In their daily lives, they have developed a cut-off source of fire, remembering the good habits of fire exits, and the Japanese have received fire-fighting training from young children. A systematic study of Japan’s fire protection culture was conducted to summarize the effective measures taken by Japan in the construction of fire prevention culture and apply it to real life.

Culture refers in a broad sense to the sum of the material and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the process of social and historical development. Including spiritual culture, material culture and institutional culture in three aspects. Spiritual culture refers to the way of thinking, aesthetic taste, religious belief, etc .; material culture refers to all kinds of material civilizations created by human beings, including means of transport, daily necessities, etc., belonging to the visible dominant culture ; institutional culture refers to the living system, family system , legal system, etc. The Japanese fire prevention culture referred to in this article is the broad concept of reference culture, and it is analyzed from the three perspectives of fire spirit culture, material culture and spiritual culture. The first three chapters analyze and study Japan's fire protection culture from these three perspectives. The fourth chapter draws inspiration from the first three chapters. Study Japan's fire prevention culture and draw inspiration from this topic. This topic not only enriches the content of China's fire protection culture construction, but also has great practical significance. The following three points are summarized : First, the fire department of the Ministry of Public Security is developing fire prevention related categories. Provides basis and reference for laws and regulations ; Second, provides certain experience in the production and research and development of flame-retardant products in China ; Third, rings out the fire prevention and prevention alarm for society, raises people's awareness of fire prevention and disaster prevention, and starts to reduce the number of small things around them. The occurrence of fire.

The second section of the first review

The domestic related works include Li Caiqin's "General History of Chinese Firefighting", which mainly studies the development history of Chinese fire protection ; Yao Guozhang's "Japan Disaster Management System : Research and Reference" has comprehensively revealed the development of Japan's disaster management system. We have conducted in-depth analysis and discussion of key issues in Japan's disaster management.

The paper mainly includes Wang Peijun's “Japanese Fire Consciousness Worth to Use for Reference”, pointing out the fire prevention habits and awareness of Japanese people’s lives ; Li Zhongdong’s article “How Japanese Prevent Fire” is based on Japanese daily life habits and fire education. Analytical research was conducted to emphasize that Japan’s fire education is started with children. Japanese children have a firefighting course from elementary school to learn how to escape and other firefighting knowledge ; Shen Youdi’s “Fire and Flame Representation System in Japan” fires against Japan. The flame-retardant product representation system was introduced and it was pointed out that the flame-retardant products must pass the fire-retardant performance test and be accompanied by fire-retardant and fire-retardant signs before they can be circulated on the market ; Jin Lei’s “Reference to Japan's Safe Disaster Prevention Culture Education and Integrated Management” article focuses on Japan’s safety and disaster prevention culture education and disaster emergency management system have been studied ; Yang Dong’s “On Disaster Prevention Legislation Based on Japanese Experience” focuses on the analysis of Japan’s disaster legislation and comprehensively introduces Japan’s response to earthquakes and other disasters. disaster Countermeasures entire legal system; Li Yanjun's "working visit to Japan's fire Show "for the fire service in Japan were described in detail and put forward suggestions on the work of the fire, including improved ways and means of fire prevention education and consolidate the development of various forms of fire power and so on; Xiaoxiu Zhi" Japanese fire education "article The study mainly focused on the Japanese fire schools, pointing out that the Japanese fire education pays special attention to the combination of teaching and practice . Cheng Chao’s “Comparative Study of Chinese and Foreign Fire Laws” describes the fire laws of China and the United States and Japan and makes a comparative analysis. The existing problems of China's fire protection law and suggestions ; Chen Xue's "Japan's fire-fighting products related qualification system" is mainly to Japan's various fire protection system introduced ; and Duan Yaoyong's "Japan and the United States of fire practice and its Our country's revelation etc.

These works and articles have been collated and studied from various angles on the development of Japanese fire prevention awareness, the formulation and improvement of the Japanese fire prevention system, fire prevention and disaster prevention education in Japanese society, and the research and development and application of fireproof materials. The study provides a more comprehensive reference. However, I personally think that these researches have the following two shortcomings : 1. Due to language limitations, researchers lack the analysis and use of Japanese raw materials. Therefore, the research field and content are not comprehensive and profound. The most obvious manifestation is that most of the paper's references are Chinese documents, few Japanese documents, and some even no references. 2. Until now, there have been many papers on Japan's anti-disaster measures, and less attention has been devoted to the overall study of Japanese fire prevention.

Chapter One: Spiritual Construction in Japan's Fire Prevention Culture

The first quarter reflects the fire protection culture in Shinto ritual

In Japan’s creation myth, Izumi and Izumi married each other and married. They gave birth to many gods in water, clay, boats, and food that are closely related to their lives. When he gave birth to Vulcan, he was burned to death by Vulcan. When she died, she gave birth to the god of earth and water. Iodine suffered a loss of Iraqi awards and grief and indignation of Vulcan. Killing Vulcan means also suppressing Vulcan. This is recorded in both the Japanese Shuji and the Ancient Records.

"Japanese vigilante gods" recklessness, evil and defamation, fire-exposed areas, coziness, and God's retreat, and the two gods retreating from one another, namely, the water-like goddess and women, and the native God, Hiyama Kiki, are born again. Ji Ge.

"Ancient story" is a nursery school, actually, evil spirits, evil spirits, evil spirits, evil spirits, two gods, life, gods, middle and secondary life, two fire nights, speedy male gods, and also a little fire, Hyun Kun ancient gods and thick fires. The support for earthworms, and the sickness of the disease caused by the illness of the United States

Japanese fear of fire, will be New Year's Eve on December 31 of each year (in Japan called the big dark day) 18:00 began to hold "fire escape" of worship in the shrine, called the town yajna.

Town festival is the fire, the sound of a small dagger evening / A few clouds Bu, Xi Yan Wan Huo-yen, anti-small two seat Vulcan offering disabilities, Swire Yi Ran disadvantages statue, Vulcan Ke case of sudden wisdom born 9 7 dagger given evening evening peak, Vulcan / Mission earth people two victims Xi Xi Yan twenty two into account, the god of water plant gowns Sichuan mountain Kyi XS - Take on the eve of the two pretty little two Bu, offering cover fire flag this evening two of the original little evening,

“Take the solution to the two gods” and the Jixiaqi Fire Festival in the town of Dioming City

Erji, Yan * Anti-two a fire, so the day with fire winter fire season the town festival.

The town's fire sacrificial offerings have been called the "Hills on the Mount of Japan" since the Edo period. Yamauchi is the activity of staring at the inside. After the Meiji Restoration, it became an activity of the Itsukushima Shrine. At the time of the town’s fire sacrificial offerings, an altar with a fasting fire was placed at the shrine’s “drainage hall.” After Zara has spoken a congratulatory message, he used a fast fire to light the torch, and then moved the fire to the torch of Hiroshi Hiroshita. At the same time, young people are eager to be the first to light their own torches. The small fire that will be ignited after the sacred fire is extinguished and taken in the shed will be able to bless the fire within one year. In the past, people brought home a small torch and used it as a fire to cook and cook on New Year's Day. In addition, people will hold a fire of the god of fire in a row to eat and drink in the imposing manner to Yuhong, Hong Yu has become a sea of ​​fire.

Yoshida Fire Festival is one of Japan's three odd festival, held each year in Yamanashi Prefecture Fujiyoshida of August 26th and 27th. The Yoshida Fire Festival is an autumn festival held by the two shrines of Kitaguchi's Miyagi-Fuji Asama Shrine and Suwa-jinja Shrine. The rumor has it that it is related to the worship of God Mugi at the Kita-miya Fuji Shrine Shrine. According to the legend, when Jake Mujah was pregnant, her husband Qiong Qiong was desperate to suspect her infidelity, in order to prove her innocence. Muhua Yaji lit the delivery room and gave birth to three babies in a raging fire. Another popular legend is a kind of prayer activity that is held in order to stifle the anger of Mt. Festival activities at the time of the fire the night of the 26th, more than 70 people will root three meters high and tied to bamboo-like fire torches lit with numerous hiking trails and Mount Fuji Yoshida mouth stacked along the street. In addition, the huts in the Mount Fuji hiking trail are also bright and bright. Each household will pile up the torches into a shape of a well. After the fire is turned on, the entire street becomes a sea of ​​fire that lasts until late at night. The activity on the 27th was also known as the “Inch Festival”, which is also known as the Mushroom Festival. On the 26th , two shrines with shrines transported from Asama Shrine to Funo Shrine will march on the streets in the afternoon on the 27th and return to the Asama Shrine in the evening. One of the shrines mimics the shape of Mount Fuji and reflects the feelings of the believers in Mount Fuji.

The Japanese used fire as a kind of worship and belief of God, and held a certain ceremony at a fixed time every year to pray for avoidance and stay away from fire. This fully demonstrated that Japanese people had feared fire and had a certain degree of fire awareness since ancient times. .

With the continuous development of society, people's awareness of fire prevention has gradually changed from the previous belief in fire to the details in life. In the Edo period, people were preparing their clothes, sandals, lanterns, and other items on their own pillows before going to bed during the winter season when fires were prone to happen. After receiving a fire notification, people first confirmed the fire area and Wind direction, if it is judged to be dangerous, valuables will be put into the earth or cry and then evacuate. In modern times, the Japanese awareness of fire prevention is reflected in their daily habits. Including whether the fire doors and windows of the hallway are checked before sleeping, if the power plug is unplugged, and if the gas valve is closed. There must be three things on their bedside tables that will protect themselves in the event of an emergency : a wet towel, a flashlight, and a key to open the door. 'The flashlight is used for lighting in the event of a power cut due to a fire. The wet towel is used to cover the mouth and nose in the event of a smoke from the fire, to filter out part of the smoke and prolong the escape time. The key can be used at any time during the escape. turn on. The streets of Japan are very narrow and the buildings are very dense. However, in each of these high-rise buildings, there are red triangles on the windows of each floor. Windows with these signs are movable, allowing firefighters to break through windows and enter. The first aid started from here. Therefore, in the event of a fire, the Japanese will first find a window with a red triangle and wait for firefighters there. In addition, the Japanese are aware of their crisis awareness when they arrive at a new place and they will first confirm the emergency escape route.

From these many small things, it can be seen that the Japanese are very cautious and serious about the fire. They also respect their lives. Compared to luck, they are more concerned with taking practical actions to prevent them.

Japan’s awareness of “preventing problems before it occurred” has achieved nationalization and concreteness. In propaganda, Japan has used disaster prevention satellites to realize the possibility of transmitting firefighting information both at home and abroad. Japan’s broadcasting and television industry is also relatively advanced. TV penetration rate is high. When a major fire occurs, the TV station will broadcast live on the disaster site and publicly report it to all citizens. In addition, there are "Fire", "modern fire" and other journals will be published fire safety laws and fire safety explanations and instructions for publicity and education.

The second festival of this society's fire prevention and disaster prevention education

The reason why Japanese people have such strong fire prevention awareness is closely related to Japanese society's education and promotion of fire prevention and disaster prevention. Japan’s fire education is started with children. Japanese children learn fire protection courses from the beginning of elementary school, learn how to self-rescue in the event of a fire, and how to awaken people to escape when they escape. Of course, these kinds of education are conducted through more lively ways such as games and experiences that are suitable for primary school students to learn. The Japanese fire brigade will arrange a reception day for schools so that schools can organize students to visit the fire brigade. Firefighters will teach students the common sense of disaster prevention and self-help. Schools will also use smoke-proof experience cars to imitate the fire scene so that children can feel the fire in their own hands and master the methods of escape themselves in practice. Including the mouth and nose with a wet towel, taking the way to escape in the way of the ten days of the decade. Japanese elementary school students have four promises when they flee: they do not push forward, do not run, do not talk and do not go back. When you flee, you can't push the person in front of you, so that if you fall, it will cause people behind you to fall and cause danger. It is easy to fall by running, and it is easy to fall after the fall. When I fled, I didn't speak. First, I was afraid to chat with me and flee, but I was too loud to hear the radio, and I lost my life. Even if important things are found in the escape, they will not go back. Because the fire behind them is heavy and the smoke is heavy, it can easily lead to suffocation. In addition to elementary schools, junior and senior high schools have corresponding disaster prevention materials, including the “Crisis Management and Response Manual” and “Disaster Prevention Education Guidance Materials”. “In addition to learning about crisis prevention and response education in the classroom, students also have disaster prevention counsellors to facilitate students’ consultation. The government also organizes disaster prevention instructors to attend disaster prevention lectures in schools to improve student protection. Disaster Relief Knowledge: It is a habit in Japanese schools that each time a school starts, the school will send a map to every student asking them to mark the map for the homecoming route, the location of the evacuation park, the location of the police station, etc. .

In addition to the school's fire prevention and disaster prevention safety education, the Japanese Fire Department also conducts disaster prevention and relief education for ordinary residents. In daily life, residents also actively participate in fire prevention and disaster prevention training organized by local self-government committees and fire fighting agencies. The Tokyo Fire Department has established safety measures to ensure the safety of residents, including the following four points : 1 Residential fire prevention measures such as the fire prevention and disaster diagnosis of houses and the spread of residential disaster prevention equipment ; 2 Emergency notification systems, fire safety systems, and emergency information Notifications and other measures to ensure the safety of disaster victims in the event of disasters ; 3 Countermeasures for residents' accidents ; 4 Fire prevention and disaster prevention training for residents. In order to increase the residents' mobility, the Center for Disaster Prevention Education has been set up to conduct disaster prevention education through practical experience. Guidance includes physical protection , prevention of fire, initial fire fighting, and rescue training. In addition, the Fire Department will hold various lectures in order to spread the knowledge and techniques of emergency methods to residents. In particular, learning methods such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation. For popularization, the Fire Department will also prepare training materials such as human models and brochures.

Japan attaches great importance to fire prevention education for the majority of residents is not only reflected in the fire training for residents, but also in Japan established a special fire museum and disaster prevention education center. The Tokyo Fire Museum displays firefighting articles and vehicles since the Edo period. In addition, there are miniature fire engine exhibitions in various countries around the world. It collects 2,500 miniature fire engines from various countries and stimulates the interest of visitors. Educated. The Disaster Prevention Education Center is funded by the government to provide residents with disaster prevention education and training. The center has a fire-fighting training room and a smoke evasion training room where visitors can learn the use of fire-fighting equipment such as fire extinguishers. The exhibition hall also introduced various disaster prevention knowledge to the public through audio and video. In addition, the Disaster Prevention Education Center has also set up various training courses for residents.

The Japanese Fire Department will also regularly carry out nationwide fire prevention campaigns. Each fire department organizes spring and autumn fire prevention campaigns every year. The annual spring forest fire and building fire-prone, and therefore set for a week of fire prevention activities on March 1 to 7, and before the fall of the building fire-prone period November 9 to skillfully day is a week-long Fire prevention campaign. During the fire prevention campaign, each fire department conducts fire prevention and disaster prevention lectures and carries out fire drills and drills in their respective regions. Improve residents' awareness of fire prevention and disaster prevention and disaster prevention action. 2012 has 2.57 million residents to participate. In addition, the annual March 1 to 7 will be a national forest fire prevention campaign. The Fire Department will formulate slogans in a unified manner, use television, newspapers, posters, etc. to conduct propaganda, carry out firefighting training, and call on the people of the country to prevent forest fires.

The same time period is also Japan's vehicle fire prevention exercise day. Also included are antiquarian building fire, at Horyuji Jintang fire of January 26 each year, which is January 26, 1949 occurred as an opportunity to set up. Since 1990 , the second week of June in Japan has been "Dangerous Goods Safety Week," and slogans and posters have been solicited nationwide. The prefectures and counties of each prefecture carry out publicity activities and commend outstanding individuals and groups at the dangerous goods safety conference. The fire control authorities inspected hazardous locations and jointly executed fire drills with self-defense fire protection organizations. In order to make people not to forget the lessons of the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake, since 1960, Japan put the 1 September as the National Disaster Prevention Day, September is the typhoon season, ready to remind people of disaster comes Must have daily necessities . January 17 each year as Japan's "Disaster Prevention and Volunteer Day", is designed to allow the public to recognize the importance of disaster volunteer activities and voluntary disaster of.

In April of each year, Japan will conduct a thorough fire prevention and disaster prevention education for new employees. Because the new employees are not familiar with the work and the situation in the building, it is necessary to make them aware of the locations of fire-prone locations, fire extinguishers, automatic fire alarm equipment, and fire-fighting equipment such as evacuation equipment. Know the location of the stairs and facilities where the evacuation route is located. In the event of an accident, know how to alert 119 or be able to carry out the initial fire extinguishing and evacuation guidance. The fire prevention and disaster prevention education for new employees mainly includes five aspects : 1 Fire hazards and basic issues related to safety operations ; 2 The composition of fire prevention management systems ; 3 Places, skills and methods of use for fire fighting equipment ; 4 Knowing the respective tasks and responsibilities of practitioners involved in fire prevention management ; 5 Matters related to earthquake disaster management. New employees should be familiar with their mission in the self-defense fire protection organization, and who are their own direct fire chiefs and regional captains. Before the full-time firefighters arrived at the scene, they cooperated with the self-defense fire chief to complete the initial emergency work.

The Japanese society's fire prevention and disaster prevention education can be said to have spread to every individual from school to family to business. Almost every Japanese person has acquired the necessary knowledge of fire fighting and evacuation and escape, and can immediately become familiar with the safety exit situation after entering a strange environment.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.

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