Simple craftsmanship and smooth lines are the hallmarks of Ming-style furniture.
⊙ Compiled by Zhang Ni
In addition to a few trinkets, Ming-style furniture is largely based on practicality, meaning its shape and structure are determined by the needs of everyday life, followed by artistic embellishments like appropriate decorations, carvings, and details, achieving a perfect blend with artistic shaping (as seen in the image). The scientific nature of Ming-style furniture is primarily reflected in two aspects: modeling design and mortise-and-tenon construction, with the latter being more complex.
The scientifically sound and rational structure makes Ming furniture stand out. Typically, a piece of furniture is composed of several parts. Instead of using nails, the components are joined together through various types of joints to form a durable and ingenious piece of furniture.
The mortise-and-tenon structure originated in the Hemudu culture over 7,000 years ago (see photo) and reached its zenith during the Ming Dynasty. The robust structure of Ming furniture connects the components seamlessly. For example, the cross-section of the furniture (grooves, notches) and the T-shaped vertical material (the protruding wood, i.e., the tenon) are combined, also known as the "shoulder tenon."
The leg structure of tables, chairs, and stools, as well as the connection between the crossbelt of the cabinet body and the columns, all employ this technique. There are two types of shoulders: large shoulders and small shoulders. A large shoulder includes both a shoulder and a tenon, while a small shoulder is typically a solid tenon. A real shoulder involves a tenon at both ends of the horizontal material forming a 45-degree equilateral triangular sloping shoulder on the outer side of the tenon, which fits snugly into the notch in the vertical material. The role of the shoulder is to break the monotony of the structure while helping to bear some of the pressure. A false shoulder, or floating shoulder, differs from the real shoulder in that the triangular shoulder does not adhere to the tenon, leaving a gap between them. On the outside of the vertical material's eye, a gap equal in size and thickness to the false shoulder is carved, but it remains unconnected. This design ensures that the support capacity of the column is not weakened and allows for the removal of some of the vertical material. This type of large shoulder is often used on the upper and lower sides of tables and chairs. Small shoulders involve wiping off the sloping shoulder that adheres to the tenon, leaving only a small portion. This maintains the support capacity of the vertical material and is commonly used on the front and rear crossbelts of cabinets.
Another method of producing this type of furniture involves cases where the horizontal and vertical materials are round. To ensure the two pieces connect smoothly, a curved round mouth is formed on both sides of the horizontal material to encircle the vertical material. The T-shaped structure also employs shoulders. If visible on the exterior, the shoulder method is typically used, but in areas less noticeable, shoulders are often omitted. If no shoulders are used, there is a difference in appearance between the tenon and the mortise. Some furniture incorporates hidden tenons. This strengthens the stability of the frame. Usually, the tabletop is supported by one or two tenons, with the rest being mortises. The number of mortises depends on the length of the table and the number of belts. If three belts are used, the middle one will be a mortise. If five belts are used, the belts on both sides of the central belt will be mortises.
From the simple analysis of the above mortise-and-tenon structure, we can see the method of making classical furniture and one of the ways to identify ancient furniture.
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