Before the 18th century, mechanical craftsmen relied heavily on personal experience, intuition, and manual skills to create machines. At that time, there was very little connection between mechanical production and scientific principles. It wasn't until the 18th and 19th centuries that the foundational theories of mechanical engineering began to take shape. One of the key developments was the integration of power machinery with scientific knowledge. For example, inventors like Thomas Savery and James Watt applied theoretical insights from physicists such as Denis Papin and Joseph Black. Later, scientists like Sadi Carnot, William John Macquorn Rankine, and Lord Kelvin built upon the practical advancements of steam engines to establish new scientific disciplines, including thermodynamics.
In the early 19th century, the study of mechanisms and motion in machines became a formal subject at institutions like the École Polytechnique in Paris. This marked a shift toward more systematic and theoretical approaches in mechanical engineering. By the mid-19th century, engineers started considering material fatigue in design calculations, which was a significant step forward in understanding how materials degrade over time. As technology advanced, new methods were introduced, such as fracture mechanics, experimental stress analysis, finite element analysis, mathematical statistics, and eventually electronic computers. These innovations greatly improved the accuracy and reliability of mechanical designs, laying the foundation for modern engineering practices.
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