Before the 18th century, mechanical craftsmen relied primarily on personal experience, intuition, and traditional craftsmanship to create machines. At that time, science played a minimal role in mechanical production. However, during the 18th and 19th centuries, the foundations of mechanical engineering began to take shape as scientific principles were increasingly applied to machinery. One of the earliest examples was the development of steam engines, where inventors like Thomas Savery and James Watt drew upon the work of physicists such as Denis Papin and Joseph Black. Their research laid the groundwork for thermodynamics, a new field that emerged from the practical application of steam power.
In the early 19th century, the study of mechanisms and motion in machines became formalized. The École Polytechnique in Paris was among the first institutions to introduce courses on the analysis of mechanical structures and movements. As the century progressed, engineers started to consider factors like material fatigue in design calculations. Over time, new disciplines such as fracture mechanics, experimental stress analysis, and finite element methods were introduced. These advancements were further enhanced by the use of mathematical statistics and electronic computers, which revolutionized the way engineers approached mechanical design and analysis.
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