First, fertilization technology.
1. Base fertilizer application with nitrogen and phosphorus. Before sowing wheat, all nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers should be applied once, either as a base fertilizer or combined with seed fertilizer. No additional top-dressing is needed during the growing season. This method is typically used in low-yield wheat fields with heavy soils, low rainfall, and poor irrigation. It improves fertilizer efficiency, reduces labor, and lowers costs. However, it is not suitable for high-texture soils, areas with high groundwater levels, or fields requiring high-yield fertilization.
2. "Pre-nitrogen shift" fertilization technique. Compared to traditional methods, this approach adjusts the timing of nitrogen application. Based on the use of organic, potassium, and other nutrients, the early-stage nitrogen application (pre-winter or regreening) is reduced. Instead, nitrogen is shifted from the regreening stage to the booting stage during jointing. This helps delay root and flag leaf senescence, enhances photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in later growth stages, and ultimately increases wheat yield. This technique works best in high-fertility soils with good irrigation conditions, where the number of ears per mu is already sufficient, but grain number and weight need improvement.
3. Increased "nitrogen and potassium supplementation" technology. Different wheat yields require different nutrient balances. Soil fertility varies, and so do the main challenges in achieving optimal growth. In low-yield fields, nitrogen and phosphorus are often lacking, and other nutrients may not yet be limiting. Thus, increasing nitrogen and phosphorus is essential. In higher-yield scenarios, more complex nutrient imbalances emerge, requiring balanced fertilization. According to research by wheat expert Jie Xiaolei (1995–2000), potassium was identified as a major limiting factor in many high-yield wheat fields, followed by zinc as a key micronutrient deficiency. Manganese and boron also play important roles.
Second, the amount of fertilizer applied. Based on extensive research and field experience, for a yield of 500 kg per mu, the recommended amounts are 12–16 kg of nitrogen, 6–8 kg of phosphorus, and 5 kg of potassium per mu, with a base-to-topdressing ratio of 6:4. For a yield of 600 kg per mu, the required amounts increase to 14–20 kg of nitrogen, 8–10 kg of phosphorus, and 10 kg of potassium, with a 5:5 ratio. On medium-fertility soils, the upper limits are recommended, while lower limits are suitable for high-fertility soils.
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