1. Technical points of fertilization:
1.1. Fertilization period (1) Base fertilizer: The amount of base fertilizer applied to fruit trees should account for more than 60% of the total fertilization amount, 60%-70% for late-maturing varieties, and 70%-80% for early-maturing varieties, generally in the middle and late November after defoliation. Carry out with the autumn tillage at the same time. At this time, the root period of the root of the fruit tree is the peak of the last growth period. The temperature and soil temperature are suitable, which is beneficial to the root wound healing, and can make the base fertilizer decompose and transform as soon as possible, which is beneficial to the fruit tree absorption. At this time, the fertilization effect is the best. (2) Top dressing: According to the age of apple tree and its phenological period, the characteristics of fertilizer need to be applied several times: 1 10-15 days before germination, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, potassium phosphate fertilizer; 2 fruit season is also May top dressing Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are mainly used, and some nitrogen fertilizers are added appropriately. On the one hand, it is to increase the fruit setting rate, on the other hand, it promotes the formation of flower buds; in 36 months, the topdressing fertilizer is mainly based on phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and appropriate nitrogen fertilizer is added or not. It is to promote fruit enlargement and increase yield.
1.2 Fertilization According to research reports, the amount of fertilization varies depending on the age, tree potential, load and soil conditions of the fruit trees. For every 100 kg of apples in an adult apple orchard, about 0.5 kg of nitrogen and 0.3 kg of phosphorus pentoxide are needed. Potassium oxide 0.6 kg, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1..0.6..1.2. The saplings were topdressed with 1-1.5 kg per plant, and the results gradually increased. The fruit fertilizer ratio during the fruiting period was better than 1..1 or 1..1.5. After years of experience, the saplings are less, the trees are more, the less fruits are less, the more fruits are used, the trunks are thicker, and the trees are weaker.
1.3, fertilization methods and location of fruit tree fertilization should be based on the status of the tree and soil fertility to determine the specific fertilization method. The best part of fertilization is the area where the capillary roots are concentrated. Therefore, the best part of fertilization is that the capillary root distribution area is slightly deeper and farther, in order to induce the root system to develop deeper and expand the suction area. Different types of fertilizers, fertilization methods and locations are different, base fertilizer combined with covering soil after autumn, digging annular ditch, deep application is good, nitrogen fertilizer is strong, shallow application, phosphate fertilizer mobility is weak, as far as possible when fertilizing Point, focus. Adult apple trees should not be fixed around the canopy. Fertilization should be used to change the fertilization position.
The fertilization methods mainly include: 1 ring fertilization method, suitable for sapling fertilization, excavating an annular groove of 20-30 cm wide and 40-50 cm deep at the edge of the vertical projection of the canopy, and a layer of soil is fertilized when fertilizing. 2 strip fertilization method: This method is usually suitable for large-age trees. It is a strip-shaped ditch with a depth of about 40 cm and a width of 30-40 cm between the rows of fruit trees. Fertilizer and soil are mixed into the ditch. In the second year, the other sides can be digging and fertilizing. 3 Whole garden sprinkling method: This method is suitable for mature orchards. It is necessary to spread the fertilizer evenly and combine the autumn tillage to turn over the fertilizer. The fertilizer should be turned into the ground, but it should be noted that the urea or potassium chloride of each plant should not exceed 0.075. Kilograms, or compound fertilizer 0.2 kg, especially near the tree plant fertilizer should not be too much. 4 radial ditch application: 1 meter away from the trunk, with the trunk as the center, digging 4-6 radial grooves, 40-50 cm deep and 30-45 cm wide, the groove length is the same as the tree crown, and the fertilizer and soil are mixed and applied. Into the ditch, the inside is shallow and deep, and gradually deepens outward to meet the annular groove.
1.4, foliar fertilization technology Foliar spray fertilizer should be done before the defoliation and before germination, urea before defoliation, zinc supplementation before germination. The flowering period is sprayed with nitrogen, boron (0.2%-0.3%), and calcium before bagging. In the early stage of growth, nitrogen is mainly used, such as 0.3%-0.5% urea; in the fruit expansion period, phosphorus and potassium are mainly sprayed, such as 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate. It has a very good effect on preventing physiological diseases, improving fruit set, promoting flower formation, enhancing photosynthesis and improving apple quality.
2. Precautions for fertilization
(1) Pay attention to the best position for fertilization. The fertilization site should be based on the projection edge of the fruit tree canopy or a little further away. It should not be too far away or too close. The attempt to fertilize should be determined according to the species of the tree. The decomposition of organic fertilizer is slow, the fertilizer effect is long, and the application is as deep as possible. Fertilizers have great mobility, and should be applied shallowly. The roots are widely distributed and deep, and should be applied shallowly.
(2) Fertilization is mainly based on organic fertilizer, mixed with inorganic fertilizer, paying attention to the reasonable ratio of nutrients. This can improve soil microbes and help to improve the effect of inorganic fertilizers.
(3) When spraying foliar fertilizer, the morning or afternoon of cloudy or sunny days with a temperature of 18-25 degrees is most suitable. When spraying, the leaves should be sprayed on both the front and the back. In addition, it should be noted that the sulfate and calcium salts should not be mixed to prevent precipitation and affect the effect of spraying.
(4) Try not to damage the root group when fertilizing, especially the new roots from June to July.
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