In recent years, the successful application of shale gas extraction technology in the United States and other countries has significantly influenced global energy strategies, leading to a more diversified approach in energy planning. This shift has gradually altered industry perceptions regarding future oil and gas supply and demand patterns. According to the 2012 research findings from the Ministry of Land and Resources' Oil and Gas Center, China's recoverable shale gas reserves amount to approximately 25 trillion cubic meters. As part of its "Twelfth Five-Year" development plan, China aimed to produce 6.5 billion cubic meters of shale gas by 2015.
However, the development of China's shale gas industry faces several challenges, including high costs, long drilling cycles, unsuitable drilling equipment, incomplete fracturing technologies, and reliance on foreign expertise. These issues highlight the need for localized technological innovation and adaptation.
Unconventional natural gas resources, such as shale gas, differ from conventional ones in terms of reservoir characteristics. They often feature hidden gas zones, unstable recovery rates, complex development techniques, and higher demands on mining technologies. The geological complexity in China, combined with the multi-directional forces acting on drill pipes and harsh downhole conditions, has raised the bar for drilling equipment, tools, fluids, and processes.
To address these challenges, bit manufacturers are continuously optimizing designs, enhancing durability, increasing drilling speed, and reducing overall drilling costs. This transformation is essential for improving efficiency and meeting the unique requirements of unconventional gas development.
China's shale gas reservoirs differ significantly from those in the U.S., both in depth and structure. While U.S. shale gas is typically found between 200 and 2,000 meters, Chinese reserves in the Sichuan Basin extend to depths of 1,500 to 4,000 meters. Additionally, some regions in Yunnan and Hunan have thin, multi-layered shale formations that are difficult to exploit. Therefore, copying U.S. methods and technologies is not feasible. Instead, China must develop its own theories, technologies, and equipment tailored to local geology.
Experts like Guo Zhongzhi emphasize the importance of field research, suggesting that engineers should closely examine current drilling practices to better understand bit performance. By integrating site-specific data, optimizing bit structures, and exploring new materials like diamond composite sheets, China can develop more efficient and durable bits for horizontal shale gas wells.
PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) drill bits are increasingly seen as a promising solution for shale gas exploration. With their effectiveness in medium-soft rock formations, PDC bits offer faster drilling speeds and lower bit replacement frequency, which improves economic returns. Globally, PDC bits account for about 65% of all drill bits used, but in China, they still lag behind roller cone bits in market share.
In 2012, Schlumberger introduced the Spear PDC bit, specifically designed for unconventional shale gas operations. The new generation of these bits has shown improved performance in horizontal drilling, reducing costs and increasing penetration rates. Over 6,000 Spear bits are now in use worldwide.
Despite this progress, China’s domestic PDC bit market remains dominated by foreign suppliers. Domestic products still face challenges in impact resistance, wear resistance, and thermal stability. To close this gap, companies like Jiang Diamond Co., Ltd. have launched projects to develop high-efficiency PDC bits tailored for specific areas like Fuling.
Another example is Shaanxi Hancheng Zhongsheng Company, which previously relied on roller cone bits for coalbed methane development. After switching to PDC bits in two wells, they recorded a total footage of 1,333.53 meters with an average mechanical drilling speed of 6.51 meters per hour. The results were impressive, showing stable performance and high efficiency.
As the demand for shale gas continues to grow, the evolution of drilling technologies, especially PDC bits, will play a crucial role in China’s energy strategy. Through continuous innovation and adaptation, the country is working toward a more sustainable and efficient shale gas industry.
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