In recent years, the successful implementation of shale gas extraction technology in the United States and other countries has significantly influenced the global energy strategy, leading to a more diversified approach in energy planning. This shift has gradually altered industry perceptions regarding the future supply and demand dynamics of oil and gas resources. According to the latest research from the 2012 Oil and Gas Research Center under the Ministry of Land and Resources, China's recoverable shale gas reserves amount to approximately 25 trillion cubic meters. As part of its "Twelfth Five-Year" development plan, China aims to produce 6.5 billion cubic meters of shale gas by 2015.
However, the development of shale gas in China faces several challenges, including high costs, extended drilling cycles, unsuitable drilling equipment, an incomplete fracturing technology system, and reliance on foreign technologies for key components.
**Drill Bit "Transformation" Adapts to Unconventional Development**
Unconventional natural gas resources share similarities but also differ from conventional ones, particularly in terms of hidden reservoirs, unstable recovery rates, complex development techniques, and higher demands on mining technology. The complexity of China’s unconventional oil and gas formations, combined with multi-directional forces on the drill pipe and harsh bottom-hole conditions, requires advanced drilling equipment, machine tools, fluids, and processes. In response, the development of more adaptable and durable drill bits has become a major focus for both domestic and international manufacturers.
To address regional variations in strata and diverse drilling needs, bit manufacturers are continuously optimizing designs, extending service life, increasing drilling speed, and reducing overall drilling costs. These improvements aim to enhance efficiency and meet the specific requirements of unconventional drilling operations.
**Drilling Development Cannot Copy Foreign Experience**
The geological conditions of China’s shale gas reservoirs are quite different from those in the U.S. While U.S. shale gas is typically found at depths between 200 and 2,000 meters, Chinese shale gas in the Sichuan Basin lies much deeper, ranging from 1,500 to 4,000 meters. Additionally, shale layers in Yunnan and Hunan provinces are thin and often occur in multiple layers, making them difficult to develop.
As a result, China cannot simply replicate U.S. theories or technical parameters. Instead, it must adapt its own development strategies based on local geological characteristics. Expert Guo Zhongzhi emphasizes that researchers should visit drilling sites to understand current bit usage, define development goals, optimize bit structures, and conduct application research on materials like diamond composite sheets. By doing so, they can create long horizontal-section bits tailored for shale gas wells, improving bit life, drilling speed, and overall performance.
**PDC Drill Bits Expected to Become the Mainstay in Shale Gas Development**
Currently, PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) bits are widely used in conventional oil and gas exploration. Given that China’s conventional gas deposits are typically found at depths between 1,500 and 3,000 meters—similar to many shale gas zones—the use of PDC bits in shale gas projects can increase drilling speed, reduce bit replacement frequency, and improve economic returns.
Shale formations are generally medium-soft rocks, where PDC bits perform exceptionally well. Globally, PDC bits account for about 65% of all drill bits used. In China, however, the PDC market is still developing and lags behind imported products in terms of impact resistance, wear resistance, and thermal stability. To close this gap, domestic manufacturers have been working closely with field applications to improve performance.
Since 2012, Jiang Diamond Co., Ltd. has been involved in Sinopec’s "Fuling High-efficiency PDC Bit Development" project. Based on the unique features of the Fuling area, they developed a customized PDC bit using their diamond bit production line. Through continuous testing and optimization, they have significantly improved the overall performance of the bit.
Another example is Shaanxi Hancheng Zhongsheng Company, which previously used roller cone bits for coalbed methane development. After switching to PDC bits in two wells, they achieved a total footage of 1,333.53 meters with an average mechanical drilling rate of 6.51 meters per hour. The PDC bits performed well, offering stable operation and high efficiency.
With ongoing advancements and growing adoption, PDC bits are expected to play a central role in China’s future shale gas development.
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