Fruit tree seedlings are vulnerable to various diseases and pests, making the use of appropriate pesticides essential for their healthy growth. The primary fungicides used for controlling diseases in fruit tree seedlings include Bordeaux mixture, mancozeb, thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, streptomycin, triazophos, chlorhexidine, chlorpyrifos, and others. These products are specifically designed to inhibit or kill fungal pathogens that can damage young plants. On the other hand, insecticides such as phoxim, omethoate, dicofol, chlorfenapyr, acephate, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin are commonly used to manage insect pests. Insecticides work through various mechanisms, including contact poisoning, stomach toxicity, systemic absorption, and fumigation, effectively targeting a wide range of harmful insects.
In addition to these, some products like sulfur-based mixtures serve dual purposes, offering both disease prevention and pest control. However, it is crucial to understand which pesticides can be safely combined and which should not, as improper mixing can reduce effectiveness or even harm the plants.
For instance, Bordeaux mixture and sulfur-based solutions should never be mixed together. When combined, they undergo chemical reactions that form copper polysulfide, which not only reduces the effectiveness of both products but can also lead to phytotoxicity on the plants. If one of these products is used first, there should be a waiting period before applying the other. For example, if sulfur is applied first, it is recommended to wait 20 to 25 days before using Bordeaux mixture. Similarly, after applying Bordeaux mixture, it’s best to wait 25 to 30 days before using sulfur again.
Bordeaux mixture and sulfur should also not be mixed with most insecticides, including phoxim, trichlorfon, dichlorvos, dicofol, chlorfenapyr, and carbaryl. Mixing them can cause the active ingredients to break down, rendering the mixture ineffective. Additionally, microbial insecticides like Beauveria bassiana and Penicillium should not be combined with microbial fungicides such as Jinggangmycin or Chuanxinjing, as this may kill the beneficial microorganisms and reduce the overall effectiveness of the treatment.
Oil-based emulsions and soaps should also be kept separate from most insecticides and fungicides. Combining them can lead to decomposition or precipitation of the active ingredients, significantly reducing their efficacy. While some combinations, such as organophosphorus compounds with deltamethrin, may enhance insecticidal activity, they can also increase toxicity risks to humans and animals. Therefore, it's always advisable to follow label instructions carefully and consult with agricultural experts when planning pesticide applications.
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