Pesticides play a crucial role in managing diseases and pests that affect fruit tree seedlings. For disease control, common fungicides include Bordeaux mixture, captan, thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, mancozeb, ethyl parathion, chlorhexidine, chlorpyrifos, and others. These products are designed to inhibit or kill various pathogens such as fungi and bacteria. On the other hand, insecticides like phoxim, omethoate, dicofol, fenpropathrin, acephate, deltamethrin, and chlorpyrifos are used to manage pest infestations. These chemicals work through different mechanisms, including stomach poisoning, contact action, systemic absorption, and fumigation. Additionally, some products, such as sulfur-based mixtures, serve dual purposes by preventing both diseases and pests.
It is important to note that not all pesticides can be safely mixed together. For example, Bordeaux mixture and sulfur-based products should never be combined. When mixed, they can undergo chemical reactions that form copper polysulfide, which reduces effectiveness and may cause plant damage. If these two products are used sequentially, a waiting period is necessary. If sulfur is applied first, it's recommended to wait 20–25 days before applying Bordeaux mixture. Conversely, if Bordeaux mixture is used first, a 25–30 day interval is needed before using sulfur again.
Bordeaux mixture and sulfur should also not be mixed with most insecticides, such as phoxim, trichlorfon, dichlorvos, dicofol, fenpropathrin, and carbaryl, as this can lead to decomposition and loss of efficacy. Similarly, microbial insecticides like *Beauveria bassiana* and *Penicillium* should not be combined with microbial fungicides like Jinggangmycin or Chuanxinéœ‰ç´ , as the microorganisms may be killed, reducing their effectiveness.
Another important consideration is that oil-based emulsions and soaps should not be mixed with most insecticides or fungicides. This combination can cause the active ingredients to break down or precipitate, resulting in reduced effectiveness. While mixing organophosphorus insecticides with deltamethrin can enhance pest control, it also increases the risk of toxicity to humans and animals. Therefore, always follow label instructions and consult with an agricultural expert when combining pesticides to ensure safety and optimal results.
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