In order to strengthen the scientific fertilization guidance for autumn and winter crops, improve the efficiency of fertilizer utilization, and promote crop yield increase, farmers' income increase and sustainable agricultural development, the Ministry of Agriculture's soil testing and formula fertilization technology expert group uses soil testing formula fertilization according to the characteristics of main crops in autumn and winter. The project results are the main basis, and the research and development of the 2012 autumn and winter major crop science fertilization guidance. All localities should focus on the three goals of “promoting increase in production, improving efficiency, and ensuring safetyâ€, and based on the concept of “increasing production and fertilization, economic fertilization, and environmentally friendly fertilizationâ€, determine the rational fertilization amount of major crops in the region according to local conditions, and optimize the fertilizer distribution ratio. Select a suitable fertilization period, improve fertilization methods, ensure stable crop yield and high yield, and improve fertilizer utilization efficiency. At the same time, we must adhere to the combination of scientific fertilization and fertilization, encourage the application of organic fertilizers, promote straw returning, plant and use green manure, improve soil and fertility, and improve soil comprehensive output capacity.
Winter wheat
(1) Winter wheat in the North China Plain
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat in North China Plain, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients is not balanced, the fertilizer utilization rate is low, the area of ​​one-time fertilization is large, the supply of nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient in the later stage, and the deficiency of trace elements such as sulfur, zinc and boron Occurrence, shallow soil ploughing, poor water retention and fertilizer retention, and the following fertilization principles:
(1) According to the soil fertilization results, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be adjusted appropriately. In areas with irrigation conditions, the base fertilizer should reduce the amount of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer and increase the application of formula fertilizer;
(2) Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in different stages, and the proportion of application in the middle and late growth stages should be appropriately increased;
(3) Efficient application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to soil fertility conditions;
(4) Adding organic fertilizer, promoting organic and inorganic cooperation, increasing the intensity of straw returning, and improving soil water retention and fertilizer retention capacity;
(5) Pay attention to the application of trace elements in sulfur, zinc, boron and manganese; (6) combine fertilizer application with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. 2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The output level is above 600 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 16-18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 5-8 kg/mu.
(2) The production level is 500-600 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14-16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4-6 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 400-500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12～14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3～5 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is 300-400 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 1-4 kg/mu.
(5) The production level is below 300 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8 ~ 10 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3 ~ 5 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 0 ~ 3 kg / mu.
In the sulfur-deficient area, sulfur can be applied at a rate of 2 kg/mu. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced. In the zinc-deficient or manganese-deficient areas, zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate can be applied 1-2 kg/mu. In the boron area, borax may be applied at a concentration of 0.5 to 1 kg/mu. It is recommended to combine the "one spray three prevention" to spray the trace element foliar fertilizer in the grain filling stage of wheat or to spray the surface with 150-200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5 kg of urea to 50 kg of water.
When the yield level is below 400 kg/mu, the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer and top dressing can be half. When the yield per unit level exceeds 500 kg/mu, one third of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer, and 2/3 is applied as topdressing at jointing stage and heading stage. When topdressing, focus on water and fertilizer coupling, before irrigation or before rainfall. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and medium and trace element fertilizers are all applied as base fertilizers, and the implementation of mechanical deep application is advocated.
If the base fertilizer is applied with organic fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate. (2) Winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the fact that the amount of organic fertilizer used in winter wheat in the Yangtze River Basin is small, the nitrogen fertilizer is too high, and the proportion of pre-application is large, and the shortage of trace elements such as sulfur and zinc occurs, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Adding organic fertilizer, implementing straw returning to the field, combining organic and inorganic; (2) appropriately reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjusting the base and chasing ratio, and reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage;
(3) Phosphorus-deficient soil should be properly applied with phosphate fertilizer or stabilized application of phosphate fertilizer; for phosphorus-rich soil, the amount of phosphate fertilizer should be appropriately reduced;
(4) Fertilizer application combined with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. 2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The output level is above 500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14-16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 5-7 kg/mu.
(2) The production level is 400-500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12-14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4-6 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 300-400 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10 ~ 13 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3 ~ 5 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3 ~ 5 kg / mu.
(4) The production level is below 300 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8 ~ 11 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3 ~ 5 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0 ~ 5 kg / mu.
In the sulfur-deficient area, sulfur can be applied at a rate of 2 kg/mu. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced. In areas where zinc deficiency or manganese deficiency occurs, zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate should be applied 1-2 kg/g according to the situation. mu. It is recommended to combine the "one spray three prevention" to spray the trace element foliar fertilizer in the grain filling stage of wheat or to spray the surface with 150-200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 0.5 to 1 kg of urea to 50 kg of water.
When the yield level exceeds 400 kg/mu, 40% of the total nitrogen fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer, 40% is used as jointing fertilizer, and 20% is used as raw fertilizer. When the yield level is lower than 400 kg/mu, 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer, and 50% is used as the top dressing in the jointing stage; the weak gluten wheat should increase the proportion of the basic nitrogen fertilizer to 60%. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and medium and trace element fertilizers are all used as base fertilizers, and mechanical deep application is advocated.
(3) Dry wheat winter wheat in Northwest China
1. Fertilization issues and fertilization principles
In view of the low soil organic matter content in the northwest dry farming and rainfed areas, the lack of precipitation in the winter wheat growing season, the difficulty in fattening in spring, and the insufficient application of organic fertilizer, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Determine the amount of base fertilizer based on soil fertility and soil water storage conditions, and adhere to the fertilization policy of “organic fertilizationâ€, “suitable nitrogen, stable phosphorus, and micro-complementâ€;
(2) Adding organic fertilizer, promoting organic and inorganic cooperation and appropriate amount of straw returning to the field;
(3) Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly based on base fertilizer, supplemented by top dressing;
(4) Pay attention to the combined application of trace element fertilizers such as manganese and zinc; (5) fertilizer application should be combined with water-saving and high-yield cultivation techniques. 2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The production level is above 400 kg/mu: the farmer's fertilizer is 2 to 3 cubic meters per mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 11 to 13 kg/mu, the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 6 to 8 kg/mu, and the potassium fertilizer is applied to the potassium field. (K2O) 2 to 3 kg / mu.
(2) The production level is 300-400 kg/mu: the farmer's fertilizer is 2~3 cubic meters/mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 9-11 kg/mu, the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 4-6 kg/mu, and the potassium field is applied. Potassium fertilizer (K2O) 1 ~ 3 kg / mu.
(3) The production level is 200-300 kg/mu: the farmer's fertilizer is 2~3 cubic meters/mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 7-9 kg/mu, the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 3~5 kg/mu, and the potassium deficiency field is suitable. Potassium (K2O) 1 ~ 2 kg / mu.
(4) The production level is below 200 kg/mu: the farmer's fertilizer is 2~3 cubic meters/mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 5-7 kg/mu, and the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 3-5 kg/mu.
High chlorine-containing fertilizers are banned to prevent the poisoning of chlorine-containing fertilizers on wheat seedlings. In the sulfur-deficient area, sulfur can be applied at a rate of 2 kg/mu. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced. In areas where zinc deficiency or manganese deficiency occurs, zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate should be applied 1-2 kg/g according to the situation. mu. It is recommended to combine the "one spray three prevention" to spray the trace element foliar fertilizer in the grain filling stage of wheat or to spray the surface with 150-200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5 kg of urea to 50 kg of water.
Organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and medium and trace element fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer at one time, and 70% to 80% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, and 20% to 30% is applied. The base fertilizer advocates deep application of machinery; the top dressing should pay attention to the coupling of water and fertilizer, before irrigation and before rainfall.
Winter rape
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
For the winter rapeseed production in the Yangtze River Basin, the proportion of nutrient application is not coordinated, the application of organic fertilizer is insufficient, the straw returning rate is low, the lack of medium and trace elements such as sulfur and boron occurs, and the low density of rapeseed planting leads to low fertilizer utilization. The current status of mechanical live rapeseed is rising, and the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Adding organic fertilizer, promoting straw returning to the field, and implementing organic and inorganic cooperation;
(2) According to the effective boron content of the soil, the amount of boron fertilizer is supplemented;
(3) Appropriately reduce the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer base, do a good job of manure application, and increase the proportion of manure;
(4) Fertilizer application should be combined with other high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, especially attention should be paid to increasing planting density.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The production level is above 200 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10~12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 5-7 kg/mu, borax 1 kg/mu.
(2) Production level 100～200 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 7～9 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3～4 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 2～5 kg/mu, borax 0.75 kg/mu .
(3) The production level is below 100 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 5-7 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 2~3 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0-3 kg/mu, borax 0.5 kg/mu.
In the sulfur-deficient area, the sulfur can be applied in the range of 2 to 3 kg/mu. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced. If the organic fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate; the straw can be reduced when the straw is returned to the field in the previous season. 1/3 potassium fertilizer dosage.
60% of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer, 20%-30% for wintering seedling fertilizer, 10%-20% for manure fertilizer, and the manure fertilizer should be appropriately advanced in the three-crop area; 60% of potassium fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 40% Used as manure; phosphate fertilizer, boron fertilizer and sulfur as base fertilizer. In case of climate disasters (drought, freezing damage, etc.), it is necessary to timely apply nitrogen and potassium fertilizers to reduce disasters and disasters.
Fruit tree
(a) Apple
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the insufficient amount of organic fertilizer input in apple production, some orchard site conditions are poor, soil water retention and fertilizer retention capacity is poor, and the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in intensive orchard is generally high. The soil acidification of non-calcium soil old orchard is common, medium and trace element calcium, Magnesium and boron deficiency occur frequently. The problems of iron, zinc and boron deficiency in orchards in calcareous soil areas are common. In some areas, fruit farmers have insufficient understanding of the basic fertilizer and the amount and proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied in spring and summer fruit expansion period. The following fertilization principles:
(1) Adding organic fertilizers and promoting organic and inorganic application; adjusting the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers according to soil fertility conditions and yield levels; paying attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron and zinc;
(2) Combining with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in stages according to tree potential and yield level;
(3) Orchards in which soil acidification occurs can be improved by applying silicon-calcium fertilizer or lime.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Orchards with an output of more than 4,500 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25 to 40 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10 to 15 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20 to 30 kg/mu.
(2) Orchard with an output of 3,500 to 4,500 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20 to 30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15 to 25 kg/mu.
(3) Orchards with an output of less than 3,500 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 to 25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 to 10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15 to 20 kg/mu.
Early-maturing varieties, fertile soil with small fertility, small age or strong tree soil, apply organic fertilizer 2~3 cubic meters/mu; late-maturing varieties, thin soil, large age or weak tree orchard apply organic fertilizer 3~4 cubic meters/mu .
The orchard with zinc deficiency, boron and calcium in the soil should be applied with zinc sulfate 1~1.5 kg/mu, borax 0.5-1 kg/mu, calcium nitrate 30-50 kg/mu, mixed with organic fertilizer in mid-September to 10 Application in the middle of the month (as soon as possible after late harvesting of fruit picking); sulfur-deficient orchards should choose sulfur-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, superphosphate, etc., and sulfur can also be applied as appropriate.
Fertilizer is applied in 2~3 times (3 times late maturity), the first time from mid-September to mid-October (as early as possible after late-harvest varieties), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the basis of organic fertilizer and silicon-calcium-calcium fertilizer In combination with application, the proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be increased appropriately; the second time before and after the fruit bagging in early June of the next year, the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be combined according to the condition of fruit retention, and the amount of potassium fertilizer should be increased; the third time is from late July to mid-August of next year. According to the rainfall, tree potential and yield, a small number of methods are adopted, mainly based on potassium fertilizer and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer.
(two) citrus
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the neglect of organic fertilizer application and soil improvement and fertilization in citrus production, the soil acidification is serious, the area of ​​thin orchard is large, the amount of fertilizer used by farmers is large, the fertilizer dosage and ratio, fertilization period and method are unreasonable, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. The following problems: the lack of trace elements in boron, zinc, iron, etc., the serious soil erosion, and low fertilizer utilization rate, propose the following fertilization principles:
(1) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers, vigorously develop green manure in orchards, and implement straw cover in orchards;
(2) Orchard with severe acidification, apply appropriate amount of acidic soil conditioner such as silicon-calcium fertilizer or lime;
(3) According to the soil fertility status of citrus varieties and orchards, optimize the amount of NPK fertilizer, the ratio of compound application and the period of fertilization, and supplement the medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, zinc and iron;
(4) Fertilization method is changed to the whole garden for application as a concentrated point or ditch;
(5) Fertilization combined with water management and high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, combined with rainfall or fertigation during the dry season, especially during spring drought.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Orchard with an output of more than 3,000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2 to 4 cubic meters per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25 to 35 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20 to 30 Kg/mu.
(2) Orchard with an output of 1500-3000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2~4 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15～ 25 kg / mu.
(3) Orchard with an output of 1500 kg or less per mu: organic fertilizer 2 to 3 cubic meters per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 to 25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 to 8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10 to 20 Kg/mu.
For orchards lacking calcium, magnesium and sulfur, calcium magnesium phosphate is used. Borax or zinc-deficient orchard, 0.5-0.75 kg of borax per hectare, 1 to 1.5 kg of zinc sulfate, 2 to 3 kg of ferrous sulfate, mixed with organic fertilizer and applied in autumn; orchard with pH<5.5, applied per acre Silicon calcium fertilizer or lime 60-80 kg, 50% application in autumn, 50% application in summer.
Spring fertilization (germination or pre-flowering fertilizer): 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 30% to 40% of phosphate fertilizer, 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer applied before germination in February and March; summer fertilization (strong fruit fertilizer): 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 20% to 30% of phosphate fertilizer, 40% to 50% of potassium fertilizer applied in June to July; autumn and winter fertilization (harvesting fruit fertilizer): 20% to 30% of nitrogen fertilizer, 40% to 50% % of phosphate fertilizer, 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer, all organic fertilizer and boron, zinc fertilizer, and iron fertilizer are applied before and after fruit harvest from November to December.
(three) pear
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
For the production of pears, the application of organic fertilizer is less, the content of organic matter is lower, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is low, the input of potassium fertilizer and medium and trace elements is less, the fertilization period, fertilization method and fertilizer ratio are unreasonable, and the soil of calcium and iron in pear garden The lack of trace elements in zinc and boron is common, especially in the soils of pear orchards in the south, such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium deficiency, and serious soil acidification. The following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Increasing the application of organic fertilizer, implementing green manure in the orchard, covering the straw, and fertilizing the soil; applying lime and organic fertilizer to improve the orchard with serious soil acidification;
(2) According to the soil fertility conditions of pear garden and the growth status of pear trees, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and supplement the trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and boron by foliar spraying;
(3) Combining high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, yield levels and soil fertility conditions, determine the fertilizer application period, dosage and element ratio;
(4) Optimize the fertilization method, change the application to the strip application or point application, reasonably cooperate with irrigation and fertilization, and adjust the fertilizer with water.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Orchard with an output of more than 4000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 3 to 4 cubic meters per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25 to 30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20 to 30 Kg/mu.
(2) Orchard with an output of 2000-4000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2 to 3 cubic meters per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20 to 25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20～ 25 kg / mu.
(3) Orchards with an output of less than 2000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2 to 3 cubic meters per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 to 20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15 to 20 Kg/mu.
In the orchard where soil calcium and magnesium are scarce, the phosphate fertilizer should be calcium, magnesium and phosphate; the orchard lacking iron, zinc and boron can be sprayed with 0.3% to 0.5% ferrous sulfate, 0.3% zinc sulfate, 0.2 by foliar application. % to 0.5% borax to correct. According to the application amount of organic fertilizer, increase or decrease the amount of nitrogen and potassium in the fertilizer as appropriate.
All organic fertilizers, all phosphate fertilizers, 50% to 60% nitrogen fertilizers, and 40% potassium fertilizers were used as the base fertilizers in autumn after harvesting. The remaining 40% to 50% nitrogen fertilizers and 60% potassium fertilizers were in the germination period of March. And the application period of the expansion period from June to July, according to the strength of the pear tree potential can increase or decrease the number and amount of top dressing.
(four) peach
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the large difference in fertilizer application rate, the amount of fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the fertilization period and methods are unreasonable, neglecting the problems of fertilization and irrigation coordination, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Reasonably increase the application rate of organic fertilizer, rationally regulate the application level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer according to soil fertility, early, late maturing varieties and yield levels. The fertilizer requirement of early maturing varieties is 20%-30% less than that of late-maturing varieties; Combined application of magnesium, boron, zinc or copper fertilizer;
(2) Fertilizer distribution It is advisable to carry out the autumn base fertilizer one month after the peach fruit is harvested, and the peach fruit expansion period is the key period of top dressing;
(3) Combined with high-quality cultivation techniques, it is not advisable to apply nitrogen fertilizer and a large amount of irrigation for 3 weeks before picking, so as not to affect the quality; in the plain area where the drainage is not smooth in summer, the soil management work such as ridge, film and grass should be done well; Arid areas advocate the use of plastic film covering, hole storage and fertilizer technology.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The output level is 3000 kg/mu or more: organic fertilizer 2~3 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 18-22 Kg/mu.
(2) Production level 2000-3000 kg/mu: organic fertilizer 1-2 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12-16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 17～ 20 kg / mu.
(3) Production level 1500-2000 kg/mu: organic fertilizer 1-2 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-8 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 12～ 15 kg / mu.
For the orchard with early defoliation or high load in the previous year, the top dressing should be strengthened. Before the germination, 2% to 3% of urea can be sprayed 2 to 3 times. After germination and before mid-July, the urea should be pressed twice periodically. The potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed once, and the potassium dihydrogen phosphate concentration is 0.3% to 0.5%.
If the amount of organic fertilizer applied in the previous year is large, the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers applied in the autumn of the year may be reduced by 1 to 2 kg/mu as appropriate, and the amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer in the fruit expansion period may be reduced by 2 to 3 kg/mu as appropriate.
All organic fertilizers, 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 100% of phosphate fertilizer and 50% of potassium fertilizer are used as base fertilizers in the autumn after peach fruit picking. The remaining 60% to 70% nitrogen fertilizer and 50% potassium fertilizer are in spring. Peach trees were applied in the germination stage, hard core stage and fruit expansion stage (1~2 times of early maturing varieties and 2~3 times of late maturing varieties).
(5) Banana
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the widespread neglect of organic fertilizer application and soil fertility in banana production, the lack of trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron, the insufficient total fertilizer and excess phenomenon, and the re-application of potassium fertilizer but the time is too late, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Fertilization is based on the principle of “reasonable distribution of fertilizers and key application during key periodsâ€;
(2) Combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, rationally distribute fertilizer according to growth period, increase fertilizer dosage after flower bud differentiation period, pay attention to potassium fertilizer application, increase calcium and magnesium fertilizer, and supplement lack of trace element nutrients;
(3) Fertilization combined with irrigation, using fertigation techniques can reduce the amount of fertilizer input by about 15%;
(4) Add lime to adjust soil pH during soil preparation, and supplement soil calcium nutrition and kill harmful bacteria.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The banana plantation with an output of more than 5,000 kg per mu: depending on the type of organic fertilizer, the traditional organic fertilizer is 1000-3000 kg/mu, and the amount of decomposed poultry manure does not exceed 1000 kg/mu. Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 45 ~ 60 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 15 ~ 20 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 70 ~ 90 kg / mu.
(2) The banana plantation with an output of 3000-5000 kg per mu: the traditional organic fertilizer is 1000-2000 kg/mu, and the amount of decomposed poultry manure does not exceed 1000 kg/mu. Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30 ~ 45 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 ~ 12 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 50 ~ 70 kg / mu.
(3) The banana plantation with an area of ​​less than 3,000 kg: the traditional organic fertilizer is 1000-1500 kg/mu, and the amount of decomposed poultry manure does not exceed 1000 kg/mu. Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18 ~ 25 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 ~ 8 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 30 ~ 45 kg / mu.
According to the acidity of the soil, apply 40-80 kg of lime per acre before planting, 25-30 kg of magnesium sulfate, and mix it with organic fertilizer; orchard lacking boron and zinc, apply borax 0.3-0.5 kg per acre, zinc sulfate heptahydrate 0.8 to 1 kg.
After the banana seedlings are planted and lived until the flower buds are differentiated, about 60% of the total fertilizer is applied to the nitrogen fertilizer, 50% of the phosphate fertilizer and 20% of the potash fertilizer; before the flower bud differentiation period to before the buds, the application is about 45% of the total fertilization amount. Nitrogen fertilizer, 30% phosphate fertilizer and 50% potassium fertilizer; 35% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% phosphate fertilizer and 30% potassium fertilizer after bud extraction. In the early stage, water and fertilizer can be applied or applied. The flower bud differentiation period begins with the application of a ditch or a hole, and the fertilization is carried out 7 to 10 times.
(6) Lychee
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the common acidification of litchi orchard soil, poor fertilizer and water retention capacity, general lack of magnesium, boron, calcium and molybdenum, unscientific fertilization, unreasonable fertilizer ratio, famine fertilizer abuse and lack of pertinence, the following fertilization principles are proposed. :
(1) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers, fertilize according to the growth period, rationally mix nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, adjust fertilization plans according to factors such as litchi varieties, growth and climate;
(2) Strong acid orchard in soil, apply appropriate amount of lime, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to adjust soil pH and supplement corresponding nutrients;
(3) Using suitable fertilization methods, targeted application of medium-level element fertilizers;
(4) Fertilization combined with other management measures, such as drip irrigation.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The result is that the tree is about 50 kilograms per plant: 10-20 kg of organic fertilizer per plant, 0.75-1.0 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 0.25-0.3 kg/mu of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0.8. ~1.1 kg, calcium fertilizer (Ca) 0.25 ~ 0.35 kg, magnesium fertilizer (Mg) 0.07 ~ 0.09 kg.
(2) Young trees with no fruit or less results: 5-10 kg of organic fertilizer per plant, 0.4-0.6 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 0.1-0.15 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and 0.3-0.5 kg of potassium fertilizer (K2O).
Fertilizers were applied 3 to 4 times in post-harvest, pre-flowering, Xiehua and strong fruit. Depending on the growth of the lychee tree, the flower before and the Xiehua fertilizer can be combined, or the Xiehua fertilizer and the strong fruit fertilizer can be combined. The application rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the above four growth stages is 40%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The phosphate fertilizer can be applied once after harvesting or after two times of mining and twice before flowering. The application ratio of potassium, calcium and magnesium fertilizer is 30. %, 10%, 20%, and 40%.
For orchards lacking boron and molybdenum deficiency, 0.2% borax plus 0.05% ammonium molybdate should be sprayed before flowering, Xiehua and fruit expansion period; orchard with pH<5, 100 kg of lime per acre, 5
tea tree
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
Insufficient amount of organic fertilizer input in tea gardens, poor soil and poor water retention and fertilizer retention capacity, some tea gardens use high levels of nitrogen fertilizer, insufficient proportion of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and lack of medium and trace elements such as magnesium, sulfur and boron, and some tea gardens in South China and other tea areas. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer has led to problems such as soil acidification, and the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Adding organic fertilizer, organic and inorganic combined application;
(2) According to soil fertility conditions and yield levels, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, strengthen the combined application of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium fertilizers, and pay attention to the supplement of nutrients such as sulfur and boron;
(3) Tea gardens where soil acidification occurs can be improved by applying dolomite powder, quicklime, etc.;
(4) Combined with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. 2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) General production of tea garden: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20 ~ 30 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4 ~ 6 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 6 ~ 10 kg / mu.
(2) Magnesium, zinc and boron tea gardens: soil application of magnesium fertilizer (MgO) 2~3 kg/mu, zinc sulfate (ZnSO4·7H2O) 0.7~1 kg/mu, borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O) 1 kg/mu.
(3) Sulfur-deficient tea garden: Select sulfur-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, and superphosphate.
Fertilizer operation for the whole year. In principle, organic fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium are mainly based on autumn and winter base fertilizers, and nitrogen fertilizer is applied in different times. Base fertilizer: all organic fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, trace element fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer accounted for 30%~40% of the annual amount. The suitable period of fertilization is between the end of September and the end of October after the end of the tea season. Combined with deep tillage application, the application depth is about 20 cm. Topdressing is generally based on nitrogen fertilizer. The topdressing period is determined according to the growth of tea trees and tea picking conditions. The germination fertilizer is applied about 30 days before the spring tea, accounting for 30%~40% of the annual dosage. Summer tea topdressing in spring tea Before the end of summer tea begins to grow, generally in the middle and late May, the dosage is about 20% of the whole year. The autumn tea topdressing is carried out after the end of summer tea, generally applied in the middle and late July, the dosage is about 20% of the whole year. .
vegetables
(1) Cabbage
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
There are large differences in the application rates of organic fertilizers in different fields in the production of sweet potato, the phenomenon of blind application of nitrogen fertilizer is serious, the application of potassium fertilizer is insufficient, the phenomenon of “heavy mass elements, light and medium elements†is common, the application period and mode are unreasonable, and excessive irrigation To cause problems such as water and fertilizer waste, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Rational application of organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer application, the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should follow the principles of nitrogen control, phosphorus stabilization and potassium increase;
(2) The distribution of fertilizers is based on base and chasing, and the topdressing is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer.
(3) Pay attention to proper application of trace elements such as calcium and boron during the rosette period to the end of the ball to prevent the occurrence of diseases such as “dry heartburnâ€;
(4) When the acidification of vegetables is serious, an appropriate amount of acidic soil conditioner such as lime should be applied;
(5) Combine with high-yield cultivation techniques, especially water-saving irrigation technology, to give full play to the coupling effect of water and fertilizer and improve fertilizer utilization.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Applying high-quality farmyard manure 2 m3/mu at a time.
(2) The production level is above 6500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 14-16 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 5,500-6,500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 to 18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 to 8 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 12 to 14 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is 4500-5500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 13-15 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 8-10 kg/mu.
For the plots where the "dry heartburn" occurred in previous years, pay attention to the control of nitrogen and calcium. It can be sprayed with 0.3% to 0.5% CaCl2 solution from the rosette to the late stage of the ball for 2 to 3 times; the soil pH of the vegetable garden in the south is < At 5 o'clock, 100-150 kg of quicklime is applied per acre; when the soil pH is <4.5, 150-200 kg of quicklime is applied per acre. For the boron-deficient plots, the borax may be applied 0.5 to 1 kg/mu, or the borax solution of 0.2% to 0.3% may be sprayed 2 to 3 times. At the same time, it can be sprayed with spraying 2 to 3 times of 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate to increase the vegetable yield and commercial rate of cabbage.
Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are 30% to 40%, and 60% to 70% are applied in the rosette stage and the early stage of the ball. The phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer or the hole.
(two) radish
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the diazo phosphate fertilizer light potassium fertilizer existing in radish production, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is imbalanced, the application period of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is unreasonable, the application of organic fertilizer is obviously insufficient, and the importance of trace element application is insufficient. The following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) According to the soil fertility conditions and target yield, optimize the dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, pay special attention to adjusting the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and increase the application of potassium fertilizer;
(2) The content of trace elements such as manganese, zinc, boron and molybdenum in the northern calcareous soil is low, and the supplement of trace elements should be paid attention to; when the acidification of vegetables in the south is serious, the acid soil conditioner such as lime should be applied in an appropriate amount;
(3) Reasonable application of organic fertilizers significantly increases radish yield and quality, avoids the use of organic fertilizers that are not fully decomposed, and promotes the application of commercial organic fertilizers and decomposed farmyard manure.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Application rate of organic fertilizer: small radish (such as four season radish) with a production level of 1000-1500 kg/mu can be applied with organic fertilizer 0.5-1 cubic meter/mu; high yield with yield level of 4500-5000 kg/mu Organic fertilizer 2 to 3 cubic meters / acre.
(2) The production level is above 4000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-7 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 12-14 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 2500～4000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10～13 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4～6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10～12 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is 1000～2500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 6～9 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3～5 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 8～10 kg/mu.
If the base fertilizer is not applied with organic fertilizer, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) 3 to 5 kg/mu and the potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2 to 3 kg/mu may be added as appropriate.
For plots that are prone to the lack of trace elements of boron, or those that have been shown to have boron deficiency symptoms in previous years, 1 kg of borax per acre may be applied before sowing, or 0.1% to 0.5% of borax may be used in the middle and late stages of radish growth. The boric acid aqueous solution is sprayed on the foliar surface (may also be sprayed with pesticides), sprayed once every 5 to 6 days, and sprayed 2 to 3 times.
All organic fertilizers were applied as base fertilizer. 40% of the total nitrogen fertilizer was used as base fertilizer, 60% in the rosette stage and the fleshy root was pre-growed twice for topdressing application; the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were all applied as base fertilizer, or 2/3 potash as base fertilizer, 1 /3 is applied in the early stage of fleshy root growth.
(3) Chinese cabbage
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the serious problem of blind application of nitrogen fertilizer in the production of Chinese cabbage, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is too large, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is unreasonable, the application of high-phosphorus compound fertilizer is blindly applied, the application of organic fertilizer in some areas is insufficient, and the acidification of vegetable soil is serious. , propose the following fertilization principles:
(1) Optimize the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer according to soil fertility conditions and target yield;
(2) Based on base fertilizer, combined with base fertilizer and topdressing. The topdressing is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are reasonably matched, and the trace elements are appropriately supplemented. After the rosette period, strengthen the management of topdressing, and increase the topdressing in the early stage of the package. It is not suitable to trace the nitrogen fertilizer 2 weeks before harvesting;
(3) The effective boron in the northern calcareous soil and the effective molybdenum in the soil with large acidity in the south are low, and attention should be paid to the supplement of trace elements;
(4) When the acidification of vegetables is serious, an appropriate amount of acidic soil conditioner such as lime should be applied;
(5) Avoid using organic fertilizer that is not fully decomposed, and advocate the application of commercial organic fertilizer and fertile farmyard manure to fertilize soil.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Application rate of organic fertilizer: the production level is 4500-6000 kg/mu, the organic fertilizer is 2~3 cubic meters/mu; the production level is 3500-5000 kg/mu, and the organic fertilizer is 2 cubic meters/mu.
(2) The production level is 4500-6000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-23 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-8 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 16-20 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 3500~4500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 13-17 kg/mu.
If the base fertilizer is not applied with organic fertilizer, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) 3 to 5 kg/mu and the potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2 to 3 kg/mu may be added as appropriate.
For plots that are prone to the lack of boron trace elements, or for plots that have been characterized by boron deficiency in previous years, 1 kg of borax per acre may be applied before sowing, or 0.1% to 0.5% of borax or boric acid may be used in the middle and late growth stages. The aqueous solution is sprayed on the foliar surface (may also be mixed with pesticides), sprayed once every 5 to 6 days, and sprayed 2 to 3 times; when the soil pH of the southern vegetable field is <5, 100 to 150 kg of quicklime is required per acre. It can reduce soil acidity and supplement calcium.
All organic fertilizers and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers were applied as base fertilizers, 30% of nitrogen fertilizers were used as base fertilizers, and 70% were applied as top dressings in combination with irrigation in the rosette stage and pre-cardiac stage.
(4) Lettuce
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the problem that the application amount of organic fertilizer in lettuce production is small, the phenomenon of blind application of nitrogen fertilizer is prominent, the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is insufficient, and the fertilization period and method are unreasonable, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Adding organic fertilizer, controlling nitrogen fertilizer, and increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer;
(2) The method of fertilizer distribution is based on the combination of base and chasing. Topdressing is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and rational application of potassium fertilizer;
(3) For acidified vegetable gardens, acid soil conditioners such as lime should be applied in an appropriate amount;
(4) Fertilization combined with high-quality cultivation techniques, especially water management, to improve the efficiency of fertilizer and water use.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The base fertilizer is applied once 1000-1500 kg/mu of decomposed farmyard manure. (2) The production level is more than 3,500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 16 to 18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 7 to 9 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 8 to 10 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 2,500-3,500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14 to 16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5 to 6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 6 to 8 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is 1500～2500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12～14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4～5 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 5～6 kg/mu.
The acid resistance of lettuce is very poor. When the soil pH of the vegetable garden in the south is less than 5, 150-200 kg of quicklime is applied per acre.
Nitrogen fertilizers are all topdressed, according to 20%, 30% and 50% in the transplanting and returning stage, rosette stage and early stage of rapid growth, three times of application, potassium fertilizer 40% ~ 50% base application, the rest in the rosette period and early rapid growth After two times of application, the phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer or acupoint application.
(5) Facility tomato
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
Most of the northern regions such as North China are solar greenhouses, and most of them are small and medium-sized arch sheds in central and southwestern China. There are excessive fertilization in production, the use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is high, the proportion of nutrient input is unreasonable, and the accumulation of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients is obvious. Excessive irrigation leads to serious nutrient loss, soil acidification is common, soil calcium, magnesium, boron and other elements supply obstacles, continuous cropping obstacles lead to serious soil quality degradation, nutrient absorption efficiency and vegetable quality decline, etc., the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Rational application of organic fertilizer, adjustment of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; non-calcium soil and acid soils need to be supplemented with trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron;
(2) According to crop yield, sorghum and soil fertility conditions, rational allocation of chemical fertilizers, most of the phosphorus fertilizer application, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers; early spring growth should not be frequently topdressed, pay attention to post-flowering and late-stage topdressing;
(3) Combine with high-yield cultivation techniques, promote rooting during seedling stage, and adopt the principle of “small number of times†to rationally fertilize fertilization;
(4) The old sheds with soil degradation need to be returned to the field or apply high-carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio organic fertilizer, less fertilized manure, increase the number of rotations, achieve desalination and reduce the effects of continuous cropping;
(5) When the vegetable acidification is serious, an acidic soil conditioner such as lime should be applied in an appropriate amount.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The seedling fertilizer is added to the decomposed organic fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer is applied. For every 10 square meters of seedbed, 60-100 kilograms of decomposed poultry manure, 0.5-1 kilogram of calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizer, 0.5 kilogram of potassium sulfate, and 0.05 to 0.1% urea solution are sprayed 1 to 2 times according to the condition of the seedling.
(2) The base fertilizer is applied with high quality organic fertilizer 2~3 cubic meters/mu.
(3) The production level is 8000 ~ 10000 kg / mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30 ~ 40 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 15 ~ 20 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 40 ~ 50 kg / mu.
(4) The production level is 6000-8000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-15 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 30-35 kg/mu.
(5) The production level is 4000-6000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-25 kg/mu.
When the soil pH of the vegetable field is less than 6, the calcium, magnesium and boron are easily deficient. The base can be applied with lime (calcium fertilizer) 50-75 kg/mu, magnesium sulfate (magnesium fertilizer) 4-6 kg/mu, and the root application is 2~ 3 times 0.1% boron fertilizer.
More than 70% of the phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer strip (point), and the rest is applied with the compound fertilizer, 20%~30% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer base application, 70%-80% after the flowering to the ear expansion period, 3 to 10 times with water Shi, each time the application of nitrogen fertilizer (N) does not exceed 5 kg / mu.
(6) Facility cucumber
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
The planting season of cucumber is divided into autumn and winter sorghum, wintering sorghum and winter sorghum. The blind fertilization in the production is unreasonable. The excessive fertilization leads to serious nutrient loss. The organic fertilizer applied in the vegetable field is mostly livestock. The following fertilization principles are proposed: the main fertilization principle is caused by the decrease of soil biological activity, the continuous deterioration of soil quality, the decrease of nutrient absorption efficiency and the decline of vegetable quality.
(1) Adding organic fertilizer, advocating the application of high-quality organic compost, paying attention to the application of compost with more straw, less application of poultry manure, implementation of organic and inorganic fertilizer and straw returning;
(2) According to the soil fertility conditions and the application amount of organic fertilizer, comprehensively consider the supply of environmental nutrients, and appropriately adjust the dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers;
(3) Adopt reasonable irrigation techniques and follow a small number of irrigation fertilization principles;
(4) After planting, the seedling stage should not be frequently topdressed, nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer should be applied in stages, a small number of times, avoiding the application of compound fertilizer with high phosphorus content, paying attention to top and late topdressing;
(5) When the vegetable acidification is serious, an acidic soil conditioner such as lime should be applied in an appropriate amount.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Increasing seedling fertilizer, applying decomposed organic fertilizer, supplementing phosphate fertilizer, applying 60-100 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per 10 m2 seedbed, 0.5-1 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 0.5 kg of potassium sulfate, and spraying 0.05% according to the seedling condition. 0.1% urea solution 1 or 2 times.
(2) The base fertilizer is applied with high quality organic fertilizer of 3 to 4 cubic meters per mu.
(3) The production level is 14000-16000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 45-50 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 20-25 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 40-45 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is 11,000-14000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 37-45 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 17-20 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 35-40 kg/mu.
(5) Production level 7000 ~ 11000 kg / mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30 ~ 37 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 12 ~ 16 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 30 ~ 35 kg / mu.
(6) The production level is 4000-7000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-28 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-11 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 25-30 kg/mu.
If drip fertigation is used, 20% of fertilizer can be reduced. If flooding is used, it is necessary to increase the amount of fertilizer by 10% to 20% per fertilization.
All organic fertilizers and phosphate fertilizers are applied as base fertilizers in the facility. The initial flowering period is mainly controlled. All nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are regularly applied according to the nutrient requirements of the growth period by 6 to 11 times; the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied per time does not exceed 5 kg/mu; The nitrogen and potassium fertilizers of autumn and winter glutinous rice and winter spring glutinous rice are divided into 6 to 7 times of topdressing, and the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers of wintering long carp are divided into 10 to 11 times of topdressing.
(7) Southern autumn and winter potatoes
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the problems of insufficient application of organic fertilizer and potash fertilizer in potato production in autumn and winter in the south, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Optimize the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer according to soil fertility conditions; (2) Add organic fertilizer, promote organic-inorganic application and straw returning; (3) Appropriately increase potassium fertilizer according to soil potassium status;
(4) Fertilizer application should be combined with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. 2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The output level is 3000 kg/mu or more: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 11-13 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 14-17 kg/mu.
(2) The production level is 2000-3000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 9-11 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-5 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 12-14 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 1500～2000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 7～9 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3～4 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 9～12 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is below 1500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 6-7 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3~4 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 7-8 kg/mu.
Apply 2~3 cubic meters of organic fertilizer per mu as base fertilizer; if organic fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate.
For soils deficient in boron or zinc, 1 kg/mu of borax or 1 to 2 kg/mu of zinc sulfate may be applied.
For areas with sulfur deficiency, sulfur can be applied at a rate of 2 kg/mu. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced.
70% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 30% is used as top dressing in seedling stage, and all phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used as base fertilizer. Potassium fertilizers in areas with large rainfall in the growing season of the potato and soil in the soil should be applied in several stages.
Expert Group on Soil Testing and Formula Fertilization Technology of the Ministry of Agriculture
Winter wheat
(1) Winter wheat in the North China Plain
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat in North China Plain, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients is not balanced, the fertilizer utilization rate is low, the area of ​​one-time fertilization is large, the supply of nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient in the later stage, and the deficiency of trace elements such as sulfur, zinc and boron Occurrence, shallow soil ploughing, poor water retention and fertilizer retention, and the following fertilization principles:
(1) According to the soil fertilization results, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be adjusted appropriately. In areas with irrigation conditions, the base fertilizer should reduce the amount of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer and increase the application of formula fertilizer;
(2) Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in different stages, and the proportion of application in the middle and late growth stages should be appropriately increased;
(3) Efficient application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to soil fertility conditions;
(4) Adding organic fertilizer, promoting organic and inorganic cooperation, increasing the intensity of straw returning, and improving soil water retention and fertilizer retention capacity;
(5) Pay attention to the application of trace elements in sulfur, zinc, boron and manganese; (6) combine fertilizer application with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. 2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The output level is above 600 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 16-18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 5-8 kg/mu.
(2) The production level is 500-600 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14-16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4-6 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 400-500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12～14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3～5 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is 300-400 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 1-4 kg/mu.
(5) The production level is below 300 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8 ~ 10 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3 ~ 5 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 0 ~ 3 kg / mu.
In the sulfur-deficient area, sulfur can be applied at a rate of 2 kg/mu. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced. In the zinc-deficient or manganese-deficient areas, zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate can be applied 1-2 kg/mu. In the boron area, borax may be applied at a concentration of 0.5 to 1 kg/mu. It is recommended to combine the "one spray three prevention" to spray the trace element foliar fertilizer in the grain filling stage of wheat or to spray the surface with 150-200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5 kg of urea to 50 kg of water.
When the yield level is below 400 kg/mu, the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer and top dressing can be half. When the yield per unit level exceeds 500 kg/mu, one third of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer, and 2/3 is applied as topdressing at jointing stage and heading stage. When topdressing, focus on water and fertilizer coupling, before irrigation or before rainfall. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and medium and trace element fertilizers are all applied as base fertilizers, and the implementation of mechanical deep application is advocated.
If the base fertilizer is applied with organic fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate. (2) Winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the fact that the amount of organic fertilizer used in winter wheat in the Yangtze River Basin is small, the nitrogen fertilizer is too high, and the proportion of pre-application is large, and the shortage of trace elements such as sulfur and zinc occurs, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Adding organic fertilizer, implementing straw returning to the field, combining organic and inorganic; (2) appropriately reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjusting the base and chasing ratio, and reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage;
(3) Phosphorus-deficient soil should be properly applied with phosphate fertilizer or stabilized application of phosphate fertilizer; for phosphorus-rich soil, the amount of phosphate fertilizer should be appropriately reduced;
(4) Fertilizer application combined with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. 2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The output level is above 500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14-16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 5-7 kg/mu.
(2) The production level is 400-500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12-14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4-6 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 300-400 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10 ~ 13 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3 ~ 5 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3 ~ 5 kg / mu.
(4) The production level is below 300 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8 ~ 11 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3 ~ 5 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0 ~ 5 kg / mu.
In the sulfur-deficient area, sulfur can be applied at a rate of 2 kg/mu. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced. In areas where zinc deficiency or manganese deficiency occurs, zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate should be applied 1-2 kg/g according to the situation. mu. It is recommended to combine the "one spray three prevention" to spray the trace element foliar fertilizer in the grain filling stage of wheat or to spray the surface with 150-200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 0.5 to 1 kg of urea to 50 kg of water.
When the yield level exceeds 400 kg/mu, 40% of the total nitrogen fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer, 40% is used as jointing fertilizer, and 20% is used as raw fertilizer. When the yield level is lower than 400 kg/mu, 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer, and 50% is used as the top dressing in the jointing stage; the weak gluten wheat should increase the proportion of the basic nitrogen fertilizer to 60%. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and medium and trace element fertilizers are all used as base fertilizers, and mechanical deep application is advocated.
(3) Dry wheat winter wheat in Northwest China
1. Fertilization issues and fertilization principles
In view of the low soil organic matter content in the northwest dry farming and rainfed areas, the lack of precipitation in the winter wheat growing season, the difficulty in fattening in spring, and the insufficient application of organic fertilizer, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Determine the amount of base fertilizer based on soil fertility and soil water storage conditions, and adhere to the fertilization policy of “organic fertilizationâ€, “suitable nitrogen, stable phosphorus, and micro-complementâ€;
(2) Adding organic fertilizer, promoting organic and inorganic cooperation and appropriate amount of straw returning to the field;
(3) Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly based on base fertilizer, supplemented by top dressing;
(4) Pay attention to the combined application of trace element fertilizers such as manganese and zinc; (5) fertilizer application should be combined with water-saving and high-yield cultivation techniques. 2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The production level is above 400 kg/mu: the farmer's fertilizer is 2 to 3 cubic meters per mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 11 to 13 kg/mu, the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 6 to 8 kg/mu, and the potassium fertilizer is applied to the potassium field. (K2O) 2 to 3 kg / mu.
(2) The production level is 300-400 kg/mu: the farmer's fertilizer is 2~3 cubic meters/mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 9-11 kg/mu, the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 4-6 kg/mu, and the potassium field is applied. Potassium fertilizer (K2O) 1 ~ 3 kg / mu.
(3) The production level is 200-300 kg/mu: the farmer's fertilizer is 2~3 cubic meters/mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 7-9 kg/mu, the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 3~5 kg/mu, and the potassium deficiency field is suitable. Potassium (K2O) 1 ~ 2 kg / mu.
(4) The production level is below 200 kg/mu: the farmer's fertilizer is 2~3 cubic meters/mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 5-7 kg/mu, and the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 3-5 kg/mu.
High chlorine-containing fertilizers are banned to prevent the poisoning of chlorine-containing fertilizers on wheat seedlings. In the sulfur-deficient area, sulfur can be applied at a rate of 2 kg/mu. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced. In areas where zinc deficiency or manganese deficiency occurs, zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate should be applied 1-2 kg/g according to the situation. mu. It is recommended to combine the "one spray three prevention" to spray the trace element foliar fertilizer in the grain filling stage of wheat or to spray the surface with 150-200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5 kg of urea to 50 kg of water.
Organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and medium and trace element fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer at one time, and 70% to 80% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, and 20% to 30% is applied. The base fertilizer advocates deep application of machinery; the top dressing should pay attention to the coupling of water and fertilizer, before irrigation and before rainfall.
Winter rape
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
For the winter rapeseed production in the Yangtze River Basin, the proportion of nutrient application is not coordinated, the application of organic fertilizer is insufficient, the straw returning rate is low, the lack of medium and trace elements such as sulfur and boron occurs, and the low density of rapeseed planting leads to low fertilizer utilization. The current status of mechanical live rapeseed is rising, and the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Adding organic fertilizer, promoting straw returning to the field, and implementing organic and inorganic cooperation;
(2) According to the effective boron content of the soil, the amount of boron fertilizer is supplemented;
(3) Appropriately reduce the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer base, do a good job of manure application, and increase the proportion of manure;
(4) Fertilizer application should be combined with other high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, especially attention should be paid to increasing planting density.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The production level is above 200 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10~12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 5-7 kg/mu, borax 1 kg/mu.
(2) Production level 100～200 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 7～9 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3～4 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 2～5 kg/mu, borax 0.75 kg/mu .
(3) The production level is below 100 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 5-7 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 2~3 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0-3 kg/mu, borax 0.5 kg/mu.
In the sulfur-deficient area, the sulfur can be applied in the range of 2 to 3 kg/mu. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced. If the organic fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate; the straw can be reduced when the straw is returned to the field in the previous season. 1/3 potassium fertilizer dosage.
60% of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer, 20%-30% for wintering seedling fertilizer, 10%-20% for manure fertilizer, and the manure fertilizer should be appropriately advanced in the three-crop area; 60% of potassium fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 40% Used as manure; phosphate fertilizer, boron fertilizer and sulfur as base fertilizer. In case of climate disasters (drought, freezing damage, etc.), it is necessary to timely apply nitrogen and potassium fertilizers to reduce disasters and disasters.
Fruit tree
(a) Apple
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the insufficient amount of organic fertilizer input in apple production, some orchard site conditions are poor, soil water retention and fertilizer retention capacity is poor, and the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in intensive orchard is generally high. The soil acidification of non-calcium soil old orchard is common, medium and trace element calcium, Magnesium and boron deficiency occur frequently. The problems of iron, zinc and boron deficiency in orchards in calcareous soil areas are common. In some areas, fruit farmers have insufficient understanding of the basic fertilizer and the amount and proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied in spring and summer fruit expansion period. The following fertilization principles:
(1) Adding organic fertilizers and promoting organic and inorganic application; adjusting the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers according to soil fertility conditions and yield levels; paying attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron and zinc;
(2) Combining with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in stages according to tree potential and yield level;
(3) Orchards in which soil acidification occurs can be improved by applying silicon-calcium fertilizer or lime.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Orchards with an output of more than 4,500 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25 to 40 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10 to 15 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20 to 30 kg/mu.
(2) Orchard with an output of 3,500 to 4,500 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20 to 30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15 to 25 kg/mu.
(3) Orchards with an output of less than 3,500 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 to 25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 to 10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15 to 20 kg/mu.
Early-maturing varieties, fertile soil with small fertility, small age or strong tree soil, apply organic fertilizer 2~3 cubic meters/mu; late-maturing varieties, thin soil, large age or weak tree orchard apply organic fertilizer 3~4 cubic meters/mu .
The orchard with zinc deficiency, boron and calcium in the soil should be applied with zinc sulfate 1~1.5 kg/mu, borax 0.5-1 kg/mu, calcium nitrate 30-50 kg/mu, mixed with organic fertilizer in mid-September to 10 Application in the middle of the month (as soon as possible after late harvesting of fruit picking); sulfur-deficient orchards should choose sulfur-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, superphosphate, etc., and sulfur can also be applied as appropriate.
Fertilizer is applied in 2~3 times (3 times late maturity), the first time from mid-September to mid-October (as early as possible after late-harvest varieties), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the basis of organic fertilizer and silicon-calcium-calcium fertilizer In combination with application, the proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be increased appropriately; the second time before and after the fruit bagging in early June of the next year, the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be combined according to the condition of fruit retention, and the amount of potassium fertilizer should be increased; the third time is from late July to mid-August of next year. According to the rainfall, tree potential and yield, a small number of methods are adopted, mainly based on potassium fertilizer and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer.
(two) citrus
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the neglect of organic fertilizer application and soil improvement and fertilization in citrus production, the soil acidification is serious, the area of ​​thin orchard is large, the amount of fertilizer used by farmers is large, the fertilizer dosage and ratio, fertilization period and method are unreasonable, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. The following problems: the lack of trace elements in boron, zinc, iron, etc., the serious soil erosion, and low fertilizer utilization rate, propose the following fertilization principles:
(1) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers, vigorously develop green manure in orchards, and implement straw cover in orchards;
(2) Orchard with severe acidification, apply appropriate amount of acidic soil conditioner such as silicon-calcium fertilizer or lime;
(3) According to the soil fertility status of citrus varieties and orchards, optimize the amount of NPK fertilizer, the ratio of compound application and the period of fertilization, and supplement the medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, zinc and iron;
(4) Fertilization method is changed to the whole garden for application as a concentrated point or ditch;
(5) Fertilization combined with water management and high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, combined with rainfall or fertigation during the dry season, especially during spring drought.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Orchard with an output of more than 3,000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2 to 4 cubic meters per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25 to 35 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20 to 30 Kg/mu.
(2) Orchard with an output of 1500-3000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2~4 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15～ 25 kg / mu.
(3) Orchard with an output of 1500 kg or less per mu: organic fertilizer 2 to 3 cubic meters per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 to 25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 to 8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10 to 20 Kg/mu.
For orchards lacking calcium, magnesium and sulfur, calcium magnesium phosphate is used. Borax or zinc-deficient orchard, 0.5-0.75 kg of borax per hectare, 1 to 1.5 kg of zinc sulfate, 2 to 3 kg of ferrous sulfate, mixed with organic fertilizer and applied in autumn; orchard with pH<5.5, applied per acre Silicon calcium fertilizer or lime 60-80 kg, 50% application in autumn, 50% application in summer.
Spring fertilization (germination or pre-flowering fertilizer): 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 30% to 40% of phosphate fertilizer, 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer applied before germination in February and March; summer fertilization (strong fruit fertilizer): 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 20% to 30% of phosphate fertilizer, 40% to 50% of potassium fertilizer applied in June to July; autumn and winter fertilization (harvesting fruit fertilizer): 20% to 30% of nitrogen fertilizer, 40% to 50% % of phosphate fertilizer, 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer, all organic fertilizer and boron, zinc fertilizer, and iron fertilizer are applied before and after fruit harvest from November to December.
(three) pear
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
For the production of pears, the application of organic fertilizer is less, the content of organic matter is lower, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is low, the input of potassium fertilizer and medium and trace elements is less, the fertilization period, fertilization method and fertilizer ratio are unreasonable, and the soil of calcium and iron in pear garden The lack of trace elements in zinc and boron is common, especially in the soils of pear orchards in the south, such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium deficiency, and serious soil acidification. The following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Increasing the application of organic fertilizer, implementing green manure in the orchard, covering the straw, and fertilizing the soil; applying lime and organic fertilizer to improve the orchard with serious soil acidification;
(2) According to the soil fertility conditions of pear garden and the growth status of pear trees, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and supplement the trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and boron by foliar spraying;
(3) Combining high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, yield levels and soil fertility conditions, determine the fertilizer application period, dosage and element ratio;
(4) Optimize the fertilization method, change the application to the strip application or point application, reasonably cooperate with irrigation and fertilization, and adjust the fertilizer with water.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Orchard with an output of more than 4000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 3 to 4 cubic meters per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25 to 30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20 to 30 Kg/mu.
(2) Orchard with an output of 2000-4000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2 to 3 cubic meters per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20 to 25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20～ 25 kg / mu.
(3) Orchards with an output of less than 2000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2 to 3 cubic meters per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 to 20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15 to 20 Kg/mu.
In the orchard where soil calcium and magnesium are scarce, the phosphate fertilizer should be calcium, magnesium and phosphate; the orchard lacking iron, zinc and boron can be sprayed with 0.3% to 0.5% ferrous sulfate, 0.3% zinc sulfate, 0.2 by foliar application. % to 0.5% borax to correct. According to the application amount of organic fertilizer, increase or decrease the amount of nitrogen and potassium in the fertilizer as appropriate.
All organic fertilizers, all phosphate fertilizers, 50% to 60% nitrogen fertilizers, and 40% potassium fertilizers were used as the base fertilizers in autumn after harvesting. The remaining 40% to 50% nitrogen fertilizers and 60% potassium fertilizers were in the germination period of March. And the application period of the expansion period from June to July, according to the strength of the pear tree potential can increase or decrease the number and amount of top dressing.
(four) peach
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the large difference in fertilizer application rate, the amount of fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the fertilization period and methods are unreasonable, neglecting the problems of fertilization and irrigation coordination, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Reasonably increase the application rate of organic fertilizer, rationally regulate the application level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer according to soil fertility, early, late maturing varieties and yield levels. The fertilizer requirement of early maturing varieties is 20%-30% less than that of late-maturing varieties; Combined application of magnesium, boron, zinc or copper fertilizer;
(2) Fertilizer distribution It is advisable to carry out the autumn base fertilizer one month after the peach fruit is harvested, and the peach fruit expansion period is the key period of top dressing;
(3) Combined with high-quality cultivation techniques, it is not advisable to apply nitrogen fertilizer and a large amount of irrigation for 3 weeks before picking, so as not to affect the quality; in the plain area where the drainage is not smooth in summer, the soil management work such as ridge, film and grass should be done well; Arid areas advocate the use of plastic film covering, hole storage and fertilizer technology.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The output level is 3000 kg/mu or more: organic fertilizer 2~3 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 18-22 Kg/mu.
(2) Production level 2000-3000 kg/mu: organic fertilizer 1-2 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12-16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 17～ 20 kg / mu.
(3) Production level 1500-2000 kg/mu: organic fertilizer 1-2 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-8 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 12～ 15 kg / mu.
For the orchard with early defoliation or high load in the previous year, the top dressing should be strengthened. Before the germination, 2% to 3% of urea can be sprayed 2 to 3 times. After germination and before mid-July, the urea should be pressed twice periodically. The potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed once, and the potassium dihydrogen phosphate concentration is 0.3% to 0.5%.
If the amount of organic fertilizer applied in the previous year is large, the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers applied in the autumn of the year may be reduced by 1 to 2 kg/mu as appropriate, and the amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer in the fruit expansion period may be reduced by 2 to 3 kg/mu as appropriate.
All organic fertilizers, 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 100% of phosphate fertilizer and 50% of potassium fertilizer are used as base fertilizers in the autumn after peach fruit picking. The remaining 60% to 70% nitrogen fertilizer and 50% potassium fertilizer are in spring. Peach trees were applied in the germination stage, hard core stage and fruit expansion stage (1~2 times of early maturing varieties and 2~3 times of late maturing varieties).
(5) Banana
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the widespread neglect of organic fertilizer application and soil fertility in banana production, the lack of trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron, the insufficient total fertilizer and excess phenomenon, and the re-application of potassium fertilizer but the time is too late, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Fertilization is based on the principle of “reasonable distribution of fertilizers and key application during key periodsâ€;
(2) Combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, rationally distribute fertilizer according to growth period, increase fertilizer dosage after flower bud differentiation period, pay attention to potassium fertilizer application, increase calcium and magnesium fertilizer, and supplement lack of trace element nutrients;
(3) Fertilization combined with irrigation, using fertigation techniques can reduce the amount of fertilizer input by about 15%;
(4) Add lime to adjust soil pH during soil preparation, and supplement soil calcium nutrition and kill harmful bacteria.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The banana plantation with an output of more than 5,000 kg per mu: depending on the type of organic fertilizer, the traditional organic fertilizer is 1000-3000 kg/mu, and the amount of decomposed poultry manure does not exceed 1000 kg/mu. Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 45 ~ 60 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 15 ~ 20 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 70 ~ 90 kg / mu.
(2) The banana plantation with an output of 3000-5000 kg per mu: the traditional organic fertilizer is 1000-2000 kg/mu, and the amount of decomposed poultry manure does not exceed 1000 kg/mu. Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30 ~ 45 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 ~ 12 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 50 ~ 70 kg / mu.
(3) The banana plantation with an area of ​​less than 3,000 kg: the traditional organic fertilizer is 1000-1500 kg/mu, and the amount of decomposed poultry manure does not exceed 1000 kg/mu. Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18 ~ 25 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 ~ 8 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 30 ~ 45 kg / mu.
According to the acidity of the soil, apply 40-80 kg of lime per acre before planting, 25-30 kg of magnesium sulfate, and mix it with organic fertilizer; orchard lacking boron and zinc, apply borax 0.3-0.5 kg per acre, zinc sulfate heptahydrate 0.8 to 1 kg.
After the banana seedlings are planted and lived until the flower buds are differentiated, about 60% of the total fertilizer is applied to the nitrogen fertilizer, 50% of the phosphate fertilizer and 20% of the potash fertilizer; before the flower bud differentiation period to before the buds, the application is about 45% of the total fertilization amount. Nitrogen fertilizer, 30% phosphate fertilizer and 50% potassium fertilizer; 35% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% phosphate fertilizer and 30% potassium fertilizer after bud extraction. In the early stage, water and fertilizer can be applied or applied. The flower bud differentiation period begins with the application of a ditch or a hole, and the fertilization is carried out 7 to 10 times.
(6) Lychee
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the common acidification of litchi orchard soil, poor fertilizer and water retention capacity, general lack of magnesium, boron, calcium and molybdenum, unscientific fertilization, unreasonable fertilizer ratio, famine fertilizer abuse and lack of pertinence, the following fertilization principles are proposed. :
(1) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers, fertilize according to the growth period, rationally mix nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, adjust fertilization plans according to factors such as litchi varieties, growth and climate;
(2) Strong acid orchard in soil, apply appropriate amount of lime, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to adjust soil pH and supplement corresponding nutrients;
(3) Using suitable fertilization methods, targeted application of medium-level element fertilizers;
(4) Fertilization combined with other management measures, such as drip irrigation.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The result is that the tree is about 50 kilograms per plant: 10-20 kg of organic fertilizer per plant, 0.75-1.0 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 0.25-0.3 kg/mu of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0.8. ~1.1 kg, calcium fertilizer (Ca) 0.25 ~ 0.35 kg, magnesium fertilizer (Mg) 0.07 ~ 0.09 kg.
(2) Young trees with no fruit or less results: 5-10 kg of organic fertilizer per plant, 0.4-0.6 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 0.1-0.15 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and 0.3-0.5 kg of potassium fertilizer (K2O).
Fertilizers were applied 3 to 4 times in post-harvest, pre-flowering, Xiehua and strong fruit. Depending on the growth of the lychee tree, the flower before and the Xiehua fertilizer can be combined, or the Xiehua fertilizer and the strong fruit fertilizer can be combined. The application rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the above four growth stages is 40%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The phosphate fertilizer can be applied once after harvesting or after two times of mining and twice before flowering. The application ratio of potassium, calcium and magnesium fertilizer is 30. %, 10%, 20%, and 40%.
For orchards lacking boron and molybdenum deficiency, 0.2% borax plus 0.05% ammonium molybdate should be sprayed before flowering, Xiehua and fruit expansion period; orchard with pH<5, 100 kg of lime per acre, 5
tea tree
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
Insufficient amount of organic fertilizer input in tea gardens, poor soil and poor water retention and fertilizer retention capacity, some tea gardens use high levels of nitrogen fertilizer, insufficient proportion of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and lack of medium and trace elements such as magnesium, sulfur and boron, and some tea gardens in South China and other tea areas. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer has led to problems such as soil acidification, and the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Adding organic fertilizer, organic and inorganic combined application;
(2) According to soil fertility conditions and yield levels, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, strengthen the combined application of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium fertilizers, and pay attention to the supplement of nutrients such as sulfur and boron;
(3) Tea gardens where soil acidification occurs can be improved by applying dolomite powder, quicklime, etc.;
(4) Combined with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. 2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) General production of tea garden: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20 ~ 30 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4 ~ 6 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 6 ~ 10 kg / mu.
(2) Magnesium, zinc and boron tea gardens: soil application of magnesium fertilizer (MgO) 2~3 kg/mu, zinc sulfate (ZnSO4·7H2O) 0.7~1 kg/mu, borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O) 1 kg/mu.
(3) Sulfur-deficient tea garden: Select sulfur-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, and superphosphate.
Fertilizer operation for the whole year. In principle, organic fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium are mainly based on autumn and winter base fertilizers, and nitrogen fertilizer is applied in different times. Base fertilizer: all organic fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, trace element fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer accounted for 30%~40% of the annual amount. The suitable period of fertilization is between the end of September and the end of October after the end of the tea season. Combined with deep tillage application, the application depth is about 20 cm. Topdressing is generally based on nitrogen fertilizer. The topdressing period is determined according to the growth of tea trees and tea picking conditions. The germination fertilizer is applied about 30 days before the spring tea, accounting for 30%~40% of the annual dosage. Summer tea topdressing in spring tea Before the end of summer tea begins to grow, generally in the middle and late May, the dosage is about 20% of the whole year. The autumn tea topdressing is carried out after the end of summer tea, generally applied in the middle and late July, the dosage is about 20% of the whole year. .
vegetables
(1) Cabbage
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
There are large differences in the application rates of organic fertilizers in different fields in the production of sweet potato, the phenomenon of blind application of nitrogen fertilizer is serious, the application of potassium fertilizer is insufficient, the phenomenon of “heavy mass elements, light and medium elements†is common, the application period and mode are unreasonable, and excessive irrigation To cause problems such as water and fertilizer waste, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Rational application of organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer application, the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should follow the principles of nitrogen control, phosphorus stabilization and potassium increase;
(2) The distribution of fertilizers is based on base and chasing, and the topdressing is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer.
(3) Pay attention to proper application of trace elements such as calcium and boron during the rosette period to the end of the ball to prevent the occurrence of diseases such as “dry heartburnâ€;
(4) When the acidification of vegetables is serious, an appropriate amount of acidic soil conditioner such as lime should be applied;
(5) Combine with high-yield cultivation techniques, especially water-saving irrigation technology, to give full play to the coupling effect of water and fertilizer and improve fertilizer utilization.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Applying high-quality farmyard manure 2 m3/mu at a time.
(2) The production level is above 6500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 14-16 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 5,500-6,500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 to 18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 to 8 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 12 to 14 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is 4500-5500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 13-15 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 8-10 kg/mu.
For the plots where the "dry heartburn" occurred in previous years, pay attention to the control of nitrogen and calcium. It can be sprayed with 0.3% to 0.5% CaCl2 solution from the rosette to the late stage of the ball for 2 to 3 times; the soil pH of the vegetable garden in the south is < At 5 o'clock, 100-150 kg of quicklime is applied per acre; when the soil pH is <4.5, 150-200 kg of quicklime is applied per acre. For the boron-deficient plots, the borax may be applied 0.5 to 1 kg/mu, or the borax solution of 0.2% to 0.3% may be sprayed 2 to 3 times. At the same time, it can be sprayed with spraying 2 to 3 times of 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate to increase the vegetable yield and commercial rate of cabbage.
Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are 30% to 40%, and 60% to 70% are applied in the rosette stage and the early stage of the ball. The phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer or the hole.
(two) radish
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the diazo phosphate fertilizer light potassium fertilizer existing in radish production, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is imbalanced, the application period of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is unreasonable, the application of organic fertilizer is obviously insufficient, and the importance of trace element application is insufficient. The following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) According to the soil fertility conditions and target yield, optimize the dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, pay special attention to adjusting the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and increase the application of potassium fertilizer;
(2) The content of trace elements such as manganese, zinc, boron and molybdenum in the northern calcareous soil is low, and the supplement of trace elements should be paid attention to; when the acidification of vegetables in the south is serious, the acid soil conditioner such as lime should be applied in an appropriate amount;
(3) Reasonable application of organic fertilizers significantly increases radish yield and quality, avoids the use of organic fertilizers that are not fully decomposed, and promotes the application of commercial organic fertilizers and decomposed farmyard manure.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Application rate of organic fertilizer: small radish (such as four season radish) with a production level of 1000-1500 kg/mu can be applied with organic fertilizer 0.5-1 cubic meter/mu; high yield with yield level of 4500-5000 kg/mu Organic fertilizer 2 to 3 cubic meters / acre.
(2) The production level is above 4000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-7 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 12-14 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 2500～4000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10～13 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4～6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10～12 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is 1000～2500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 6～9 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3～5 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 8～10 kg/mu.
If the base fertilizer is not applied with organic fertilizer, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) 3 to 5 kg/mu and the potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2 to 3 kg/mu may be added as appropriate.
For plots that are prone to the lack of trace elements of boron, or those that have been shown to have boron deficiency symptoms in previous years, 1 kg of borax per acre may be applied before sowing, or 0.1% to 0.5% of borax may be used in the middle and late stages of radish growth. The boric acid aqueous solution is sprayed on the foliar surface (may also be sprayed with pesticides), sprayed once every 5 to 6 days, and sprayed 2 to 3 times.
All organic fertilizers were applied as base fertilizer. 40% of the total nitrogen fertilizer was used as base fertilizer, 60% in the rosette stage and the fleshy root was pre-growed twice for topdressing application; the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were all applied as base fertilizer, or 2/3 potash as base fertilizer, 1 /3 is applied in the early stage of fleshy root growth.
(3) Chinese cabbage
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the serious problem of blind application of nitrogen fertilizer in the production of Chinese cabbage, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is too large, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is unreasonable, the application of high-phosphorus compound fertilizer is blindly applied, the application of organic fertilizer in some areas is insufficient, and the acidification of vegetable soil is serious. , propose the following fertilization principles:
(1) Optimize the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer according to soil fertility conditions and target yield;
(2) Based on base fertilizer, combined with base fertilizer and topdressing. The topdressing is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are reasonably matched, and the trace elements are appropriately supplemented. After the rosette period, strengthen the management of topdressing, and increase the topdressing in the early stage of the package. It is not suitable to trace the nitrogen fertilizer 2 weeks before harvesting;
(3) The effective boron in the northern calcareous soil and the effective molybdenum in the soil with large acidity in the south are low, and attention should be paid to the supplement of trace elements;
(4) When the acidification of vegetables is serious, an appropriate amount of acidic soil conditioner such as lime should be applied;
(5) Avoid using organic fertilizer that is not fully decomposed, and advocate the application of commercial organic fertilizer and fertile farmyard manure to fertilize soil.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Application rate of organic fertilizer: the production level is 4500-6000 kg/mu, the organic fertilizer is 2~3 cubic meters/mu; the production level is 3500-5000 kg/mu, and the organic fertilizer is 2 cubic meters/mu.
(2) The production level is 4500-6000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-23 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-8 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 16-20 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 3500~4500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 13-17 kg/mu.
If the base fertilizer is not applied with organic fertilizer, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) 3 to 5 kg/mu and the potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2 to 3 kg/mu may be added as appropriate.
For plots that are prone to the lack of boron trace elements, or for plots that have been characterized by boron deficiency in previous years, 1 kg of borax per acre may be applied before sowing, or 0.1% to 0.5% of borax or boric acid may be used in the middle and late growth stages. The aqueous solution is sprayed on the foliar surface (may also be mixed with pesticides), sprayed once every 5 to 6 days, and sprayed 2 to 3 times; when the soil pH of the southern vegetable field is <5, 100 to 150 kg of quicklime is required per acre. It can reduce soil acidity and supplement calcium.
All organic fertilizers and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers were applied as base fertilizers, 30% of nitrogen fertilizers were used as base fertilizers, and 70% were applied as top dressings in combination with irrigation in the rosette stage and pre-cardiac stage.
(4) Lettuce
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the problem that the application amount of organic fertilizer in lettuce production is small, the phenomenon of blind application of nitrogen fertilizer is prominent, the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is insufficient, and the fertilization period and method are unreasonable, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Adding organic fertilizer, controlling nitrogen fertilizer, and increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer;
(2) The method of fertilizer distribution is based on the combination of base and chasing. Topdressing is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and rational application of potassium fertilizer;
(3) For acidified vegetable gardens, acid soil conditioners such as lime should be applied in an appropriate amount;
(4) Fertilization combined with high-quality cultivation techniques, especially water management, to improve the efficiency of fertilizer and water use.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The base fertilizer is applied once 1000-1500 kg/mu of decomposed farmyard manure. (2) The production level is more than 3,500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 16 to 18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 7 to 9 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 8 to 10 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 2,500-3,500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14 to 16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5 to 6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 6 to 8 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is 1500～2500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12～14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4～5 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 5～6 kg/mu.
The acid resistance of lettuce is very poor. When the soil pH of the vegetable garden in the south is less than 5, 150-200 kg of quicklime is applied per acre.
Nitrogen fertilizers are all topdressed, according to 20%, 30% and 50% in the transplanting and returning stage, rosette stage and early stage of rapid growth, three times of application, potassium fertilizer 40% ~ 50% base application, the rest in the rosette period and early rapid growth After two times of application, the phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer or acupoint application.
(5) Facility tomato
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
Most of the northern regions such as North China are solar greenhouses, and most of them are small and medium-sized arch sheds in central and southwestern China. There are excessive fertilization in production, the use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is high, the proportion of nutrient input is unreasonable, and the accumulation of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients is obvious. Excessive irrigation leads to serious nutrient loss, soil acidification is common, soil calcium, magnesium, boron and other elements supply obstacles, continuous cropping obstacles lead to serious soil quality degradation, nutrient absorption efficiency and vegetable quality decline, etc., the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Rational application of organic fertilizer, adjustment of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; non-calcium soil and acid soils need to be supplemented with trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron;
(2) According to crop yield, sorghum and soil fertility conditions, rational allocation of chemical fertilizers, most of the phosphorus fertilizer application, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers; early spring growth should not be frequently topdressed, pay attention to post-flowering and late-stage topdressing;
(3) Combine with high-yield cultivation techniques, promote rooting during seedling stage, and adopt the principle of “small number of times†to rationally fertilize fertilization;
(4) The old sheds with soil degradation need to be returned to the field or apply high-carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio organic fertilizer, less fertilized manure, increase the number of rotations, achieve desalination and reduce the effects of continuous cropping;
(5) When the vegetable acidification is serious, an acidic soil conditioner such as lime should be applied in an appropriate amount.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The seedling fertilizer is added to the decomposed organic fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer is applied. For every 10 square meters of seedbed, 60-100 kilograms of decomposed poultry manure, 0.5-1 kilogram of calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizer, 0.5 kilogram of potassium sulfate, and 0.05 to 0.1% urea solution are sprayed 1 to 2 times according to the condition of the seedling.
(2) The base fertilizer is applied with high quality organic fertilizer 2~3 cubic meters/mu.
(3) The production level is 8000 ~ 10000 kg / mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30 ~ 40 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 15 ~ 20 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 40 ~ 50 kg / mu.
(4) The production level is 6000-8000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-15 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 30-35 kg/mu.
(5) The production level is 4000-6000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-25 kg/mu.
When the soil pH of the vegetable field is less than 6, the calcium, magnesium and boron are easily deficient. The base can be applied with lime (calcium fertilizer) 50-75 kg/mu, magnesium sulfate (magnesium fertilizer) 4-6 kg/mu, and the root application is 2~ 3 times 0.1% boron fertilizer.
More than 70% of the phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer strip (point), and the rest is applied with the compound fertilizer, 20%~30% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer base application, 70%-80% after the flowering to the ear expansion period, 3 to 10 times with water Shi, each time the application of nitrogen fertilizer (N) does not exceed 5 kg / mu.
(6) Facility cucumber
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
The planting season of cucumber is divided into autumn and winter sorghum, wintering sorghum and winter sorghum. The blind fertilization in the production is unreasonable. The excessive fertilization leads to serious nutrient loss. The organic fertilizer applied in the vegetable field is mostly livestock. The following fertilization principles are proposed: the main fertilization principle is caused by the decrease of soil biological activity, the continuous deterioration of soil quality, the decrease of nutrient absorption efficiency and the decline of vegetable quality.
(1) Adding organic fertilizer, advocating the application of high-quality organic compost, paying attention to the application of compost with more straw, less application of poultry manure, implementation of organic and inorganic fertilizer and straw returning;
(2) According to the soil fertility conditions and the application amount of organic fertilizer, comprehensively consider the supply of environmental nutrients, and appropriately adjust the dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers;
(3) Adopt reasonable irrigation techniques and follow a small number of irrigation fertilization principles;
(4) After planting, the seedling stage should not be frequently topdressed, nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer should be applied in stages, a small number of times, avoiding the application of compound fertilizer with high phosphorus content, paying attention to top and late topdressing;
(5) When the vegetable acidification is serious, an acidic soil conditioner such as lime should be applied in an appropriate amount.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Increasing seedling fertilizer, applying decomposed organic fertilizer, supplementing phosphate fertilizer, applying 60-100 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per 10 m2 seedbed, 0.5-1 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 0.5 kg of potassium sulfate, and spraying 0.05% according to the seedling condition. 0.1% urea solution 1 or 2 times.
(2) The base fertilizer is applied with high quality organic fertilizer of 3 to 4 cubic meters per mu.
(3) The production level is 14000-16000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 45-50 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 20-25 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 40-45 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is 11,000-14000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 37-45 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 17-20 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 35-40 kg/mu.
(5) Production level 7000 ~ 11000 kg / mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30 ~ 37 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 12 ~ 16 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 30 ~ 35 kg / mu.
(6) The production level is 4000-7000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-28 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-11 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 25-30 kg/mu.
If drip fertigation is used, 20% of fertilizer can be reduced. If flooding is used, it is necessary to increase the amount of fertilizer by 10% to 20% per fertilization.
All organic fertilizers and phosphate fertilizers are applied as base fertilizers in the facility. The initial flowering period is mainly controlled. All nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are regularly applied according to the nutrient requirements of the growth period by 6 to 11 times; the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied per time does not exceed 5 kg/mu; The nitrogen and potassium fertilizers of autumn and winter glutinous rice and winter spring glutinous rice are divided into 6 to 7 times of topdressing, and the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers of wintering long carp are divided into 10 to 11 times of topdressing.
(7) Southern autumn and winter potatoes
1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the problems of insufficient application of organic fertilizer and potash fertilizer in potato production in autumn and winter in the south, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Optimize the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer according to soil fertility conditions; (2) Add organic fertilizer, promote organic-inorganic application and straw returning; (3) Appropriately increase potassium fertilizer according to soil potassium status;
(4) Fertilizer application should be combined with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. 2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The output level is 3000 kg/mu or more: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 11-13 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 14-17 kg/mu.
(2) The production level is 2000-3000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 9-11 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-5 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 12-14 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 1500～2000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 7～9 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3～4 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 9～12 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is below 1500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 6-7 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3~4 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 7-8 kg/mu.
Apply 2~3 cubic meters of organic fertilizer per mu as base fertilizer; if organic fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate.
For soils deficient in boron or zinc, 1 kg/mu of borax or 1 to 2 kg/mu of zinc sulfate may be applied.
For areas with sulfur deficiency, sulfur can be applied at a rate of 2 kg/mu. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced.
70% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 30% is used as top dressing in seedling stage, and all phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used as base fertilizer. Potassium fertilizers in areas with large rainfall in the growing season of the potato and soil in the soil should be applied in several stages.
Expert Group on Soil Testing and Formula Fertilization Technology of the Ministry of Agriculture
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