Hardware refers to various types of metals, traditionally encompassing gold, silver, copper, iron, and tin. The term "hardware" first appeared in the ancient Chinese text *Wu Yue Chun Qiu*, specifically in the section *He Lu Nei Zhuan*: "Chen Wen Yue Wang often had Ou Yezi forge five swords... one was called Zhan Lu, which is considered the hardware of English, symbolizing the sun of excellence." According to *Han Shu · Food and Drink*, there is a note that mentions "Gold, Knife, Turtle, Bay," explaining that "Gold refers to the five-colored gold, including yellow, red, white, silver, and copper." The *Modern Chinese Dictionary* defines hardware as referring to metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron, and tin. Today, the term is commonly used to describe metal or copper and iron products.
The development and application of metal have played a crucial role in the progress of human civilization. Metal products are deeply embedded in every aspect of economic life, political activities, and military operations. For example, Yongkang in Zhejiang Province has long been known as the "Hometown of Hardware." Its handicraft industry has a rich history, with coppersmiths and blacksmiths from Yongkang traveling across the country since the Southern Song Dynasty to earn a living. Historically, it was said that "hardware craftsmen went everywhere, and the prefectures and counties were all connected through Kang."
There are numerous ways to classify hardware, and the following list provides a general reference:
- **Construction Hardware**: Construction machinery, construction hardware, decorative hardware, plumbing equipment, steel structural joints, fireproof materials, waterproof materials, anti-corrosion materials, insulation materials, steel nails, steel wire, fasteners, monitoring equipment, alarm devices, sensor materials, etc.
- **Tools**: Power tools, pneumatic tools, hand tools, hydraulic tools, auto maintenance tools, explosion-proof tools, lifting tools, handling tools, measuring instruments, tile tools, garden tools, abrasive tools, abrasives, cutting tools, etc.
- **Machinery**: General machinery,å‡é€Ÿ machinery (reduction machinery), engineering machinery, light industrial machinery, packaging machinery, rubber and plastic machinery, instrument machinery, cleaning machinery, transportation machinery, lifting machinery, woodworking machinery, machining machinery, welding and cutting equipment, welding rods, welding wires, pumps, valves, and various components and parts.
- **Electrical Equipment**: Electrical appliances, high-voltage and low-voltage electrical devices, explosion-proof electrical equipment, vacuum electrical appliances, communication equipment, switching devices, lighting systems, cables, cable trays, electric heating equipment, insulating materials, electronic devices, instruments, switch cabinets, and more.
- **Standard Parts**: Fasteners, keys, pins, washers, bearings, wire ropes, chucks, locking fasteners, springs, gears, grooves, chains, pulleys, couplings, seals, etc.
- **Materials**: Non-ferrous metal profiles, stainless steel products, plastic building materials, and other plastic items.
- **Safety and Security**: Labor protection supplies, security equipment, environmental protection devices, purification systems, dust removal equipment.
- **Kitchenware**: Kitchen appliances, refrigeration equipment, food processing machines, cooking equipment, and hotel supplies.
- **Rental Items**: Construction machinery, equipment rentals, and other machinery for hire.
This classification helps in understanding the wide range of applications and uses of hardware in modern industries and daily life. Whether in construction, manufacturing, or household use, hardware remains an essential part of our technological and economic landscape.
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