A safety valve is a critical component designed to protect pressure equipment, containers, and systems from overpressure conditions that could lead to catastrophic failure or rupture. It functions as a safety device widely used in pressure vessels, boilers, pipelines, and other pressurized systems to ensure safe and stable operation. When the internal pressure of a container exceeds its design limit, the safety valve automatically opens to release the excess pressure, preventing potential damage to the system. Once the pressure returns to a safe level, the valve reseals itself, avoiding unnecessary loss of material and minimizing production interruptions.
The main components of a safety valve include the valve seat, the disc (or spool), and the loading mechanism. In some designs, the seat is integrated with the valve body, while in others, it is a separate part that is assembled into the system. The disc is typically connected to a stem and is held tightly against the seat by the loading mechanism. This mechanism applies a force that counteracts the pressure exerted by the medium inside the system. As long as the internal pressure remains within the operating range, the force from the medium is less than the loading force, keeping the valve closed and preventing any leakage.
However, when the pressure rises beyond the set point, the force acting on the disc becomes greater than the loading force, causing the disc to lift off the seat and allowing the medium to escape through the valve. This discharge reduces the pressure in the system until it returns to normal levels. At this point, the loading mechanism regains control, and the valve closes again, ensuring the system continues to operate safely.
When installing a safety valve, several important considerations must be taken into account. First, if the container holds a two-phase mixture of gas and liquid, the safety valve should be installed in the gas phase to avoid issues with liquid carryover. For safety valves that release flammable liquids, the outlet should be connected to an emergency tank. If the discharged material is hot and flammable, the receiving container must have proper thermal protection.
In general, safety valves can be vented locally, but the vent should be at least 1 meter above the operator's head and should not face open flames within a 15-meter radius. Sparks and high-temperature equipment should be kept away from the vent location. For indoor installations, the vent should be directed to the roof, with the outlet at least 2 meters above the roof level. Additionally, if a shut-off valve is installed upstream of the safety valve, it must remain fully open and securely sealed to prevent accidental closure during operation.
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